Understanding and Offsetting Financial Barriers for Black Students in Science, Engineering, and Medicine Programs, Partnerships, and Pathways: Proceedings of a Workshop (2022) / Chapter Skim
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2 Addressing Barriers and Opportunities for the Workforce of the Future
2 Addressing Barriers and Opportunities for the Workforce of the Future
Pages 7-20
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. • The number of Black medical students rose from 200 in the 1950s to about 1,600–1,700 today, but that number -- only 7 to 8 percent of all medical students -- is not on par with 7
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(Sullivan Alliance) , shared a historical perspective about Black representation in medical school and the medical workforce based in part on his decades of experience as a policy advocate, administrative leader, and physician.
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. He explained the map charts people's life trajectories based on where they were born by combining data on 20 million children born in the early 1980s with anonymized data linking them to their parents' tax returns.
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SOURCE: Raj Chetty, Workshop Presentation, April 19, 2021, from Chetty et al., 2018.
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He characterized a "disheartening pattern" in which most whites remained in the top fifth of income, but Blacks showed more of a cascade downward into lower-income groups. This pattern illustrates a fundamental difference in economic trajectories between Black and white Americans, he said.
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SOURCE: Raj Chetty, Workshop Presentation, April 19, 2021, from Chetty et al., 2018.
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In contrast, a nearby neighborhood with a mixed-income housing development called Nehemiah Houses shows more positive results for children. To understand how, what he termed, "very fine differences in environment" can dramatically change life course, the researchers used tax records to study income gain among 6 million children of families who moved into better neighborhoods.
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He stressed that none of the factors identified are necessarily causal effects, but are instead correlative and predictive. They include less concentrated poverty, more stable family structures, better school quality, and places with greater social capital and sense of community connectedness.
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Chetty said. A similar pattern related to race and ethnicity can be seen, he added, in that Black and Hispanic children who perform as well as white and Asian children in third-grade math are dramatically less likely to go into science and innovation careers as adults.
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Working with local housing authorities, they tested if people do not want to move or if elements such as difficulties in the housing search or excessive paperwork create barriers. A randomly selected subset of families with vouchers received additional support to find housing in higher-opportunity neighborhoods, such as customized search assistance, increased landlord engagement, and short-term financial assistance.
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The first medical schools, formed in the mid-1700s in Philadelphia and New York, did not admit Black students for a century. In 1868, Howard University opened the first medical school for Black students, and seven others, most notably Meharry Medical College, followed in the late 1800s.
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Initiatives increased the percentage of African American students to about 7 to 8 percent of the total medical student population by the end of the century. Now medical schools graduate about 1,600 to 1,700 Black students annually.
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Sullivan said. Approaches to improve the number of Black medical students and physicians have included mentoring, counseling, and the existence of role models.
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(American Association for the Advancement of Science) , commented that some race-attendant policies are experiencing policy and judicial backlash and suggested advocacy and public engagement to make the case that training more Black physicians will lead to better health outcomes.
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