Implementation of Subsurface Utility Engineering for Highway Design and Construction (2022) / Chapter Skim
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Pages 7-22
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7 This chapter serves as the background for the survey results presented in Chapter 3 and case examples described in Chapter 4. The literature review provides an overview of recent research and current practices regarding SUE implementation at state DOTs.
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8 Implementation of Subsurface Utility Engineering for Highway Design and Construction 2.1 Historical Perspective on Subsurface Utility Engineering and Underground Utilities 2.1.1 Burden of Underground Utilities Understanding the location of underground utilities became critical during the construction and excavation operations involved in the building boom of the 1950s, 1960s, and 1970s (Thorne et al.
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Literature Review 9 existence and approximate location through interpretation of an energy field of some kind, whereas locating became known as the process of actually exposing a utility. To date, these practices remain much the same (Anspach 1997)
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10 Implementation of Subsurface Utility Engineering for Highway Design and Construction Tool for the Selection of Imaging Technologies to Detect Underground Infrastructure, where they present various SUE technologies along with conditions of their application and a decision support tool (2004)
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Literature Review 11 Method Application Major Advantages Major Limitations Ground-penetrating radar • Utility detection and tracing • Ability to detect both metallic and nonmetallic utilities • Can be used for initial searches of larger areas • Relatively short detection range • Reliability largely depends on utility dimensions, utility materials, buried depth, and soil conditions • Cannot detect utility type • Data is difficult to interpret Pipe and cable locations • Utility detection and tracing • Especially suitable for tracing metallic utilities or nonmetallic utilities when tracing wires are accessible • Can be used in both a passive mode and an active mode (see following section) • A large variety of instruments available • Results affected by factors such as utility diameter, ground conductivity, existence of other conductors • Extremely prone to environmental interferences when used in passive mode • Accurate detection and tracing require access to utilities • Depth estimation is not reliable Ground-penetrating radar and/or electromagnetic induction arrays • Utility detection and tracing • More reliable and accurate results than traditional GPR and pipe and cable locators • Capable of 3-D utility mapping • Less portable than traditional GPR equipment and pipe and cable locators • Requires sophisticated software for data processing Terrain conductivity • Utility detection • Detection distance is relatively high • Suitable for search of isolated utilities • Can detect nonmetallic utilities • Prone to interferences by nearby electromagnetic noises • Not suitable for tracing utilities • Incapable of depth estimation • Reliability largely affected by soil type Beyond electromagnetic methods, other studies present a larger range of methods available for utility investigation, including mechanical waves, gravity, and temperature, among other measurement aspects.
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12 Implementation of Subsurface Utility Engineering for Highway Design and Construction prepared for a project conducted under the Second Strategic Highway Research Program R01B topic of Utility Locating Technologies. The project focused on two advanced utility-identification technologies: multi-channel ground-penetrating radar (MCGPR)
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Literature Review 13 hole to find and survey the exact location and dimensions of a facility at a specific point or location. QLB is also desirable to help the identification of what was actually found in the test hole.
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14 Implementation of Subsurface Utility Engineering for Highway Design and Construction designating the quality of utility information depicted on plans, as well as using professional judgment in a standardized manner (FHWA 2018b)
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Literature Review 15 project phases since 1991 and considers the cost of SUE services an eligible expense for federal aid. Further noted, the use of these professional services can eliminate: • Delays to projects caused by waiting for utility relocation work to be completed so highway construction can begin; • Delays to projects caused by redesign when construction cannot follow the original design due to unexpected utility conflicts; • Delays to contractors during highway construction caused by cutting, damaging, or discovering utility lines that were not known to be there; • Claims by contractors for delays resulting from unexpected encounters with utilities; and • Deaths, injuries, property damage, and releases of product into the environment caused by cutting utility lines that were not known to be there (FHWA 2003)
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16 Implementation of Subsurface Utility Engineering for Highway Design and Construction There are two approaches currently used to address and reduce issues with utilities on projects: • SUE investigations and Utility Engineering (UE) design analytics and resolution development, which occur during project development; and • Damage Prevention (DP)
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Literature Review 17 Even with this support for using SUE, there have been lulls in its application in DOT programs and projects as previously noted in the FHWA Program Review, National Utility Review: Utility Coordination Process (FHWA 2018a)
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18 Implementation of Subsurface Utility Engineering for Highway Design and Construction 2.6 Documented Impacts and Other Research Studies on Subsurface Utility Engineering SUE and utility-engineering practices have been the focus of organizations, including the ASCE, the TRB, and the FHWA. In the past two decades, a number of research studies have been performed to evaluate the benefits and costs of SUE implementation for these agencies.
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Literature Review 19 Manual," which would provide much-needed consistency in the implementation of SUE across districts in the state (Sinha et al.
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20 Implementation of Subsurface Utility Engineering for Highway Design and Construction 2.6.6 SUE Information Management for Airports Synthesis In 2012, TRB's ACRP Synthesis 34: Subsurface Utility Engineering Information Management for Airports reinforced the concept that utility management and coordination are essential to appropriately address potential utility impacts on projects (Anspach and Murphy 2012)
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Literature Review 21 similar in their utility-coordination applications, while DB would necessitate a different approach (Taylor et al.
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22 Implementation of Subsurface Utility Engineering for Highway Design and Construction showed that the primary concerns from utility owners were in regard to the cost and resources necessary to collect, store, manage, and update geospatially accurate as-built data. According to a survey of utility companies, Meis et al.
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