Highway Infrastructure Inspection Practices for the Digital Age (2022) / Chapter Skim
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Pages 9-32
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9 Literature Review Introduction This chapter documents the information collected from the literature review of technologies for highway infrastructure inspection during construction and asset management. The objective of this chapter is to set the background and context for the findings from the survey and case examples presented in Chapters 3 and 4, respectively.
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10 Highway Infrastructure Inspection Practices for the Digital Age include GPS, GLONASS, Galileo, and BeiDou. These satellites provide signals from space and transmit positioning and timing data to GNSS receivers.
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Literature Review 11 (Butler et al.
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12 Highway Infrastructure Inspection Practices for the Digital Age Unmanned Aircraft Systems (UASs) There has been increasing attention and resources dedicated to the application and operation of UASs over the past decade.
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Literature Review 13 Robotic Total Stations Robotic total stations (RTSs) allow for more technological convenience by offering remotecontrol abilities to perform more calculations and inspections in less time and with less staff than a traditional total station.
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14 Highway Infrastructure Inspection Practices for the Digital Age • Inspection • Quality assurance/quality control • Asset management Photogrammetry Technology Photogrammetry is the process of extracting geometric measurements from photographs. A wide range of studies discuss the application of photogrammetry in highway construction.
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Literature Review 15 construction quality control (Mallela et al.
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16 Highway Infrastructure Inspection Practices for the Digital Age Remote Sensing and Monitoring Technologies Remote sensing and monitoring technologies, as defined in this study, involve the use of sensors and devices to provide inspection or monitoring at a physical distance from the point of assessment. The term "remote sensing" is used to describe 3D data remotely acquired using technologies such as LiDAR and other 3D imaging devices.
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Literature Review 17 Static LiDAR collects highly accurate data, but it is comparatively much slower in data collection than mobile and aerial LiDAR and it exposes DOT workers to more traffic and hazard risks. Both mobile and aerial LiDAR provide mapping-grade accuracy at high rates of travel.
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18 Highway Infrastructure Inspection Practices for the Digital Age LiDAR Type Description Capabilities Limitations Aerial-Airplane (airborne) Sensor attached to fixedwing aircraft at 1,000 m or more above ground; coacquired photographic images are becoming more common • Rapid coverage over large areas • Fairly uniform sampling • Can collect other remote sensing data simultaneously • Large footprint • Poor coverage on vertical faces • Flight logistics Aerial-Helicopter Sensor mounted to a helicopter flying closer to the ground • Similar to airborne, but closer to ground • Flight logistics may be complicated Aerial-UAS Lightweight sensor mounted to an unmanned aerial system; flight heights are typically less than 150 m • Detailed information for a site • Pre-programmed flight paths • Nadir and oblique scanning possible • Short flying time limits to relatively small areas • Few systems available, experimental Mobile-Handheld Sensor carried in hand or on a backpack frame • Flexible system • Indoor/outdoor • Only one person required • Slower than most other methods for large areas Mobile-Vehicle Sensor mounted to a vehicle and data are collected kinematically while a vehicle is in motion • Fast coverage along highways • Limited to navigable paths • Obstructions from traffic Static Instrument is mounted to a tripod.
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Literature Review 19 • Virtual and 3D design -- LiDAR data can be used for clash detection by checking for intersections of proposed objects with existing objects modeled in the point cloud. • Inspections -- LiDAR can provide overall geometric information and an overall condition assessment.
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20 Highway Infrastructure Inspection Practices for the Digital Age Figure 2.4. RFID-based concrete tracking system (Source: Jaselskis et al.
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Literature Review 21 samples in laboratories (U.S.
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22 Highway Infrastructure Inspection Practices for the Digital Age Barcodes Barcodes have been successfully implemented in the construction industry to improve the accessibility of information, as scanning barcode data allows for faster, more accurate, and more secure transfers of data compared with manually entered data (Lee et al.
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Literature Review 23 barcodes, (4) transmitting the scanned data to the contractor as a receipt, and (5)
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24 Highway Infrastructure Inspection Practices for the Digital Age sources of inspection support during construction, (5) establish the process for measuring and calculating quantities for payment, and (6)
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Literature Review 25 The typical projects that are good candidates for AMG are those that involve large amounts of earthwork/paving or new alignments, or projects that require accurate digital terrain models (FHWA 2013b)
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26 Highway Infrastructure Inspection Practices for the Digital Age • Mobile phone capability • GIS/GPS capability • Sound recording • Handwriting recording and recognition • Personal information management • Text messaging • Camera • Cellular radio/walkie-talkie Some handheld devices such as smartphones or tablets typically use satellite network positioning (e.g., GNSS) to track the user's location, and then use the inertial movement of the device to change the view as the device is moved around the environment (Mallela et al.
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Literature Review 27 to explore different stages of the construction process (Whyte and Nikolic 2018)
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28 Highway Infrastructure Inspection Practices for the Digital Age research communities, they are still relatively new in the transportation construction industry (Mallela et al.
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Literature Review 29 Ground-Penetrating Radar Ground-penetrating radar (GPR) is a noninvasive sensing technique that has increasingly been used for highway infrastructure inspection because of its flexibility and high potential for accurately capturing images of structures and materials.
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30 Highway Infrastructure Inspection Practices for the Digital Age • Facilitated method of nondestructive testing for QA and QC activities and forensic investigations. The typical limitations of using GPR for highway infrastructure inspection include the following: • Difficulties in interpreting and analyzing GPR data (e.g., GPR data analysis cannot discriminate between layers with similar dielectrics)
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Literature Review 31 The thermal streaks indicate potential for longitudinal cracking and raveling. Segregation, a critical issue for pavement performance, can be effectively identified and eliminated by using the thermal profiler.
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32 Highway Infrastructure Inspection Practices for the Digital Age accuracy for material delivery, and enhanced electronic documentation and digital inspection. The main applications of VR/AR technology in highway inspection include AR-guided site inspection, remote inspection, 4D inspection, and automated inspection.
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