Animal Welfare Challenges in Research and Education on Wildlife, Non-Model Animal Species and Biodiversity Proceedings of a Workshop (2022) / Chapter Skim
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Session Four: Restraint and Handling of Animals in the Field to Include the Use of Compounds for Capture and Handling
Session Four: Restraint and Handling of Animals in the Field to Include the Use of Compounds for Capture and Handling
Pages 47-61
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From page 47... ...
Tell presented information for on-label drug use versus ELDU, including rules and regulations for animals that may be consumed by humans; requirements for legal ELDU; challenges with trying to establish withdrawal intervals following ELDU in wildlife; and provided some available resources. Tell explained, with any drug use there is the potential for drug residues to be present in animal tissues and products.
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From page 48... ...
Tell added, it is important to know both ELDU withdrawal intervals and FDA-approved withdrawal times for safe consumption and to prevent direct impacts (quick reactions [i.e., toxicity, allergic reactions, and bone marrow suppression]
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From page 49... ...
Pheasants Bacitracin zinc; Amprolium; Bacitracin methylenedisalicylate; Thiabendazole Quail Bacitracin zinc; Salinomycin; Bacitracin methylenedisalicylate; Monensin sodium; Salinomycin sodium Ducks Novobiocin; Calcium chlortetracycline; Chlortetracycline; Iodinated casein; Ormetoprim-sulfadimethoxine Partridges, Chukar Lasalocid sodium; Ormetoprim-sulfadimethoxine Other Wildlife Weasels, mink Novobiocin; Melatonin Species (10) Rabbits Lasalocid sodium; Sulfaquinoxaline Pigeons Carnidazole Foxes Ivermectin Wildlife, not specified diprenorphine hydrochloride; etorphine hydrochloride Bears Fenbendazole Wildcats Fenbendazole Goats, wild Fenbendazole Sheep, bighorn Fenbendazole Swine, feral Fenbendazole Amphibians Tricaine methanesulfonate SOURCE: Adapted from Tell presentation, taken from FARAD VetGRAM 2022.
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From page 50... ...
For free-ranging wildlife, drug delivery systems could impact drug depletion rates, Tell said. Often a remote delivery system is used that could affect drug absorption and elimination, which has to be considered when estimating withdrawal intervals.
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From page 51... ...
3. Ultimately, the goal is to protect human health; therefore, animals that are administered medications that require withdrawal intervals should be tagged or marked following ELDU to minimize the hunting of animals before drugs are sufficiently metabolized and thereby avoid the tainting of human food products with unsafe levels of drug residue.
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From page 52... ...
Wildlife veterinarians are the primary drug conduit within wildlife management agencies, Drew explained, while most administration is done by wildlife biologists with minimal direct supervision by the veterinarian. It is important to understand that Drew was the only veterinarian for the Wildlife Bureau and his practice area encompassed the entire state.
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From page 53... ...
Drew said that it was important to understand that hunter success is relatively low, and the actual risk of the few individuals that are handled with chemical immobilization drugs being harvested by hunters is relatively low. For instance, if there were 500 to 1,000 animals that received chemical immobilization drugs in each capture season, in the upcoming harvest season when the population consists of potentially 50,000, 60,000, or 100,000 animals, those individual animals are rarely harvested.
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From page 54... ...
Some of the above activities are known to the IDFG through a permitting system; others are not. For example: Five Native American tribes that have their own wildlife management agencies that handle animals of a variety of different species: o Shoshone-Bannock o Shoshone-Paiute o Coeur d'Alene o Kootenai o Nez Perce USDA Animal and Plant Health Inspection Service: U.S.
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From page 55... ...
Although IACUCs and foreign animal welfare oversight bodies have direct oversight in
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From page 56... ...
Challenges in conducting work concerning the use of wildlife in the field are many, Bryan said, but must be considered by wildlife animal oversight bodies when conducting assessments of WAUAs. If these challenges are not met or appreciated, the consequences can result in delayed wildlife projects, loss, and or/waste of funding; inadequate allocations of resources; and lower standards of animal welfare, among others.
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From page 57... ...
While not as common in wild bird research, replacement does occur in investigations and it may be the only option when it comes to threatened and endangered species, Fair asserted. Much of the research on wild birds is specific for understanding the species and/or local situations in the field and requires data collection about that population or field site.
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From page 58... ...
There also may be a need for ESA permits, Convention on International Trade in Endangered Species of Wild Fauna and Flora permits, and/or certain Certificates of Scientific Exchange. While predicting every scenario that may occur in field research is impossible, Fair said that the field collection of biological samples does contain risk and safety concerns in general in a field setting.
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From page 59... ...
For physiologically oriented field studies, Kenagy said, animals will often receive injections; for example, water with stable isotopes oxygen-18 and deuterium to measure energy and water metabolism; or injections of oxytocin to induce milk letdown for the micro-sampling of milk. Blood samples are taken for metabolic and hormonal studies.
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From page 60... ...
Males maintain a high body weight all year and defend an accumulated food cache in their burrows that allowed them to emerge from hibernation in top condition for mating competition. Data from the stable isotopes that determine metabolic rate, measured by an initial injection and blood sample, followed at 2–3 days by a second blood sample, gave a reading of total water metabolism and daily energy expenditure.
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From page 61... ...
Kenagy mentioned earlier the value of depositing novel and diverse specimens in trusted research museums and identified some significant genetic geographic variation within and between species. New patterns of historical change in genetic population structure, the speciation process, and even hybridization have been uncovered through their research studies (Whorley et al.
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