The Impact of Juvenile Justice System Involvement on the Health and Well-Being of Youth, Families, and Communities of Color Proceedings of a Workshop (2022) / Chapter Skim
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2 Juvenile Justice and Equitable Outcomes
2 Juvenile Justice and Equitable Outcomes
Pages 5-18
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From page 5... ...
(Bales) • The Administrative Office of Courts in Arizona has taken both top-down and bottom-up steps to reform the juvenile justice system, including alternatives to detention, training for system personnel, connecting youth and families to opportunities in the community, assigning probation officers specialized case loads, and establishing crisis response centers.
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and Presiding Judge Kathleen Quigley, Juvenile Bench, Pima County, Arizona, who examined how the juvenile justice sys tem deals with youth of color. In the process, they described opportunities to create better futures for children who intersect with the juvenile justice system and for communities of color more broadly.
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From page 7... ...
Children living in single-parent families remained at 34 percent in 2010 and 2017, representing 24 million children. Racial and ethnic inequities persist across many measures of wellbeing, Bales emphasized.
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SOURCES: As presented by Scott Bales at the workshop on The Impact of Juvenile Justice System Involvement on the Health and Well-Being of Adolescents, Families, and Communities of Color on September 26, 2019, Bales slide 8 (Annie E Casey Foundation, 2019)
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From page 9... ...
of all juvenile arrests for violent crimes in 2017 involved Black youth, 45 percent involved White youth, 1 percent involved Ameri can Indian youth, and 1 percent involved Asian youth, even though the percentages of these groups in the U.S. population, for ages 10 through 17, were 16 percent Black, 75 percent White, 6 percent Asian and Pacific Islander, and 2 percent American Indian (Puzzanchera, 2019)
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For example, Native American youth were detained for referral at 2.5 times the rate of White juveniles. At the petition stage, where a decision is made by the prosecuting agency as to whether a youth will be charged as an adult or proceed in juvenile court, African American youth were direct filed at almost five times the rate of White youth, and Hispanic youth were direct filed at over three times the rate of White youth, Bales explained.
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In the opposite direction, people who have substance abuse or mental health issues that require treatment or appropriate settings outside of the justice system are
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Suicide rates for incarcerated youth are two to three times higher than for the general youth population, and even higher for youth in solitary confinement, and incarcerated youth are 10 times more likely to experience psychosis. The risk of developing behavioral health conditions increases the longer one has been in the system, and African American and Latino youth are less likely to receive treatment than other youth.
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From page 13... ...
CREATING BETTER FUTURES Bales mentioned several potential paths toward better futures, as discussed later in the workshop: • Preventative interventions for young children through primary care and health care providers, and educators • Training programs for law enforcement, school employees, and court staff • Avoiding punitive school disciplinary practices with disparate impacts • Use of standardized assessment tools to guide detention decisions • Adoption of the "Kids at Hope" philosophy, which emphasizes self-identity, adult interactions, and goals planning • Collaboration with other agencies, particularly for "cross-over"1 youth involved in dependency and delinquency proceedings • County-level adoption of the Juvenile Detention Alternatives Initia tive, which has been a factor in driving down referrals, detention, probation, and children being held in custody Bales also highlighted several measures related specifically to behavioral health: • Implementing sequential intercept models for juvenile justice stake holders to reduce interaction with the adult criminal justice system • Increasing funding for behavioral health services • Expanding behavioral health interventions in School-Based Health Centers • Adopting school-based holistic approaches to identify and meet needs for behavioral health services 1 Cross-over youth refers to youth who are involved in both the child welfare and juvenile justice systems.
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From page 14... ...
"We can make substantial improvements in our legal system and in the goals we're trying to accomplish in terms of justice," Bales concluded. "But it depends much more than we've tended to recognize on collaboration with those outside the courts, both in terms of learning what we can do and learning how to do it well." JUVENILE JUSTICE IN ARIZONA "It only takes an idea to spark change," said Kathleen Quigley, presiding judge of Pima County Juvenile Court, in introducing her talk on reforms in the juvenile justice system in Arizona.
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In Pima County, a neighborhood collaborative has brought together business leaders, National Association for the Advancement of Colored People (NAACP) , courts, law enforcement, and community resources to promote skill building, pro-social activities, physical activities, homework, and community engagement.
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From page 16... ...
Training for judges, probation officers, detention officers, and behavioral health providers can broaden understanding and help these groups work together. Quigley raised a number of questions for discussion at the workshop: • Which systems should address the youth and the family: mental health, juvenile justice, or both?
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From page 17... ...
Addressing these questions would produce more effective use of behavioral health, AOC, and Medicaid dollars and would reduce stress on families, said Quigley, as would enhanced cross-system understanding and collaboration and greater use of targeted services. Finally, Quigley called attention to the severe problems that fines and fees associated with involvement in the juvenile justice system impose on individuals and families.
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