Greenhouse Gas Emissions Information for Decision Making A Framework Going Forward (2022) / Chapter Skim
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Appendix B: Atmospheric Observations: Methods and Examples
Appendix B: Atmospheric Observations: Methods and Examples
Pages 145-152
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Surface-based observations In situ (i.e., continuous) ground measurements of atmospheric GHGs started with CO2 in 1958 at the Mauna Loa observatory, Hawaii.
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, and N2O, and, in some cases, monitor SF6 and F gases. The global in situ GHG network is currently composed of 32 stations located in remote locations to monitor the representative large-scale trends not influenced by major local sources of atmospheric CO2, CH4, N2O, SF6, and fluorinated gases in both hemispheres, and to infer information on the latitudinal distribution of sources and sinks.2 Most stations are equipped with meteorological sensors and some are also instrumented to monitor emission tracers (e.g., Radon-222, carbon isotopes, carbon monoxide [CO]
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From page 147... ...
with stations deployed on tall towers or on top of mountains and far from local sources to ensure a regional representativeness of each site.5 The sites are equipped with meteorological sensors, which provide key ancillary datasets such as wind speed and direction to analyze atmospheric GHG variability (Yver-Kwok et al., 2021)
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, and other European cities as a test bed of the ICOS cities project.9 The WMO Integrated Global Greenhouse Gas Information System (IG3IS) scientific community recently published a first report on urban network design recommendations.10 Systemic urban GHG measurements are still rare in the Global South.
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From page 149... ...
Regular commercial aircrafts have been used as scientific platforms for monitoring atmospheric GHGs in the troposphere and at the upper troposphere/ lower stratosphere levels; such programs have been developed in the 1980s in Japan (CONTRAIL; Matsueda et al., 2002, 2008) and then by Germany as the CARIBIC (Civil Aircraft for the Regular Investigation of the atmosphere Based on an Instrument Container)
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Some species are typical of some sources -- for example, NOx and isopentane are often attributed to traffic, ethane and butane are more associated with natural gas heating, and SOx is more associated with combustion of sulfur-containing fossil fuels such as coal in electricity generation and diesel or heavy fuel oils used in transport and shipping. BC mixing ratios peak depending on the absorption wavelength of BC particles and can be attributed either to wood burning or to fossil fuel burning sources.
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FIGURE B-2 Current and planned satellite missions measuring CO2, methane (CH4)
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. Dual tracer approaches can be used to calculate methane emissions at point sources, such as landfills, natural gas storage sites, wastewater treatment facilities, and cattle farms, by releasing a tracer such as acetylene (due to its negligible background level)
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