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Summary of Workshop Presentations
Pages 1-26

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From page 1...
... Bartlett, 2021, "Automakers Are Adding Electric Vehicles to Their Lineups. Here's What's Coming," Consumer Reports, November 29, https://www.consumerreports.org/hybrids-evs/why-electric-cars-may-soon-flood-the-us-market-a9006292675.
From page 2...
... After explaining the various components of the EV propulsion drive, Boules emphasized that 4  National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine, 2021, "Assessment of Technologies for Improving Fuel Economy of Light-Duty Vehicles -- Phase 3 Electric Vehicles Workshop," October 25-28, https://www.nationalacademies.org/event/10-25-2021/ assessment-of-technologies-for-improving-fuel-economy-of-light-duty-vehiclesphase-3-electric-vehicles-workshop. 5  National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine, 2021, Assessment of Technologies for Improving Light-Duty Vehicle Fuel Economy -- 2025-2035, Washington, DC: The National Academies Press, https://doi.org/10.17226/26092.
From page 3...
... BEV, battery electric vehicle; PHEV, plug-in hybrid vehicle. SOURCES: Gary Marchant, Arizona State University, "Overview of the Electric Vehicle Landscape," presentation to the workshop, October 25, 2021; from International Energy Agency, 2021, "Global EV Outlook 2021: Accelerating Ambitions Despite the Pandemic." All rights reserved.
From page 4...
... Nicholas, 2019, "Update on Electric Vehicle Costs in the United States Through 2030," International Council on Clean Transportation, licensed under CC BY-SA 4.0, https://creativecommons.org/licenses/by-sa/4.0. A presentation by Denise Gray, president of LG Energy Solution Michigan Inc.
From page 5...
... Cooke concluded with a discussion of policies for EVs and electric charging that could achieve that goal, including new vehicle regulations, accessible financing, used-vehicle incentives, early vehicle retirement programs, filling charging information gaps, providing charging for communities not passersby, and addressing building codes. A presentation by Alexander Edwards, president of Strategic Vision, provided insights into the consumer psychology impacts associated with BEV adoption.
From page 6...
... , hybrid and gas vehicle owners, and their perceptions of the major electric vehicle purchase barriers. SOURCE: Alexander Edwards, Strategic Vision, "Alternative Energy and Mobility," presentation to the workshop, October 25, 2021.
From page 7...
... McKinney, and T Olson, 2021, Final 2020 Integrated Energy Policy Report Update, Publication Number CEC-100-2020-001-V1-CMF, California Energy Commission, Sacramento, Calif.
From page 8...
... Using insights from consumer behavior research, Sperling explained that capturing the first 50 percent of LDV market share will be relatively easy compared to the last 30 percent due to consumer heterogeneity in ideology and preferences. Government assistance and funding will be required to ensure the charging infrastructure is accessible and reliable to many consumers, and to spur innovation and transform the business model around charging infrastructure.
From page 9...
... David Klanecky, executive vice president and chief operating officer at Piedmont Lithium, elaborated on the importance and opportunities of localizing the lithium-ion battery supply chain within the United States. Klanecky began by discussing the market dynamics of lithium, pointing to the fact that demand is expected to grow significantly in the future with high EV penetration as the United States moves toward electrifying its transportation systems.
From page 10...
... During the question and answer session, she elaborated that factories supporting the lithium battery supply chain will likely be sited near resources, the ultimate customer, or sites with abundant energy available for the factory processes. Linda Gaines, chief scientist of the ReCell Center for Battery Recycling at Argonne National Laboratory, (ANL)
From page 11...
... Dai concluded her presentation by indicating that the United States is lagging behind China and the European Union in establishing policy guidelines for EV battery reuse and recycling at the national level; to this end, drawing lessons from China and the European Union could help to establish a more sustainable EV supply chain in the United States. As a follow up to a public question about battery passports and state of health information, Dai stressed the need for original equipment manufacturers (OEMs)
From page 12...
... Mobilizing the battery supply chain will require the deployment of novel supply chains and additional investment in upstream and midstream infrastructure. Arsenault noted that while the recycling of scrap material from aged EVs can play a strategic role in offsetting the primary demand for battery raw materials, there 8  J.R.
From page 13...
... In closing, Arsenault remarked that emerging environmental, social, and corporate governance considerations in the EV industry have contributed to a global shift in the battery manufacturing and recycling processes. FIGURE 9 Flow chart showing each step of the lithium-based battery supply chain and the 2019 share of production for each stage in the European Union, the United States, and China.
From page 14...
... Additionally, Nelder noted that commercial fleet managers also need to prepare for the coming wave of vehicle electrification by equipping their yards and depots with charging stations. Nelder described two main techniques for effective EV load management: passive techniques like the design of utility tariffs for peak and off-peak charging and active techniques like using aggregators to control chargers and utilities controlling charges.
From page 15...
... public charging infrastructure is lagging behind that of other major countries. He noted that limited household parking is a major impediment to BEV adoption in the United States.
From page 16...
... Divan added that the rapid growth of transportation electrification will place enormous stress on the grid, drawing attention to the challenges of fast charging infrastructure in particular, such as cost-effective deployment, the possibility of poor utilization, challenges of grid access and peak stress on the grid, and viable business models. Divan then turned the discussion toward the utility level, where EV integration will pose some operational challenges; for example, changes resulting from EV integration can disrupt the business model of the utility, which often operates in a regulated and risk-averse environment.
From page 17...
... Karen Glitman, senior director of distributed energy resources at the Center for Sustainable Energy, focused her presentation on the load profiles for EV charging and their related impacts on electricity generation. She explained that the LDV sector is the single largest contributor to GHG emissions in the United States, and load management of EVs will play a key role in the efficient adoption of EVs.
From page 18...
... Highlighting relevant insights from a companion policy report, Baldwin explained that many of the policy and regulatory pathways considered in the report are either under way or under discussion in some form across states. FIGURE 11 Electric vehicles (EVs)
From page 19...
... Local and national policies, coupled with the automotive industry's strong reactions to the policies, underpin this major upward trend of EV sales, Bowermaster explained. Strong environmental and economic factors drive the sales of EVs in China and the European Union; in the United States, Bowermaster suggested that a clearer picture of EV sales may emerge in the next few years as the EV industry enters the market segments for trucks and sport utility vehicles (SUVs)
From page 20...
... Alan Jenn, assistant professional researcher at the Plug-In Hybrid and Electric Vehicle Group within the Institute of Transportation Studies at UC Davis, discussed the electricity system needs for EV integration from a policy, technical, and market option perspective. Jenn began his presentation by noting that the focus of most practitioners is to get EVs on the road and secure adequate EV infrastructure.
From page 21...
... Gil Tal, director of the Plug-In Hybrid and Electric Vehicle Group within the Institute of Transportation Studies at UC Davis, opened by describing the three equity goals of vehicle electrification: make EVs available to all buyers, share public funding, and secure environmental benefits. Tal then discussed the 2016-2019 trend of new LDV sales in California, pointing to the fact that most residents of the state are not in the new car market.
From page 22...
... He added that the inequities of EV adoption extend beyond demography and include access to incentives and charging infrastructure. Due to these inequities, low-income consumers are missing out on the benefits of vehicle electrification.
From page 23...
... Asked about effective approaches to increase EV adoption in rural communities, Yearick noted that adoption of EVs by local governments and well-respected local organizations could both increase awareness of these vehicles in the community and incentivize charging infrastructure development in the area. In her opening remarks, Britta Gross, managing director of the Carbon Free Mobility Global Program at RMI, expressed excitement about the upward trend in EV sales across states and the country as a whole.
From page 24...
... SOURCE: Carlo Bailo, Center for Automotive Research, "Electric Vehicles Sales and Policy Review," presentation to the workshop, October 28, 2021.
From page 25...
... Furthermore, some leading car markets like Germany, France, FIGURE 15 Share of new electric passenger car registrations in European Union member states and the United Kingdom from 2014 to 2020, showing significant increases upon the introduction of tighter CO2 emissions standards in model year 2020. SOURCES: Sandra Wappelhorst, International Council on Clean Transportation, "Driving the Electric Vehicle Market: Lessons from Europe," presentation to the workshop, October 28, 2021; from S
From page 26...
... Wappelhorst offered the example of a rural region in Germany, which has shown success in increasing the awareness and adoption of EVs by establishing education facilities, companies that produced components for EVs, and car dealerships to handle the sale of EVs. To conclude, Wappelhorst emphasized that increasing the EV market share will require a complex system approach of regulation, incentives, charging infrastructure, and local action.


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