Carbon Dioxide Utilization Markets and Infrastructure Status and Opportunities: A First Report (2023) / Chapter Skim
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Among the highest priority actions to mitigate these emissions are decarbonizing the electric grid and transitioning energy end uses to decarbonized electricity, which will eliminate the majority of sources of emissions from fossil-fuel combustion. This long-term transition to net-zero emissions likely will eliminate the largest current uses of carbon-based products and processes, such as gasoline or diesel fuel for light-duty transportation and natural gas for heating in residential and commercial buildings.
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NOTE: DAC = direct air capture; DOC = direct ocean capture.
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. Given that many CO2 utilization processes require significant amounts of clean electricity, clean hydrogen, and water, project developers also will need to consider the availability and accessibility of these inputs when designing CO2 utilization infrastructure (Recommendations 4.4, 4.5, 4.6, and 6.3)
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One option under consideration for CO2 transport is to repurpose natural gas pipelines, which could simplify acquisition of rights-of-way and potentially decrease capital costs. However, pipeline integrity and operational issues make this challenging.
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Though not expected to have a significant impact on water demand at a national scale, water requirements for CO2 utilization could put stress on local water resources. Water will be an input to biological and chemical utilization processes, as a reaction medium, a reactant, or for process cooling.
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These limitations and challenges include inherent inefficiencies that result in high costs; needs for discovery of and improvement in processes and technologies; requirements for large amounts of additional inputs, such as land, hydrogen, water, and electricity; elimination of the emissions associated with the entire life cycle of a CO2 utilization process and product; limited existing CO2 infrastructure; and societal concerns about infrastructure deployment, especially from environmental justice communities. Considering these challenges and opportunities, this report evaluates near-term needs for CO2 utilization to play a role in a net-zero future.
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Such a transition is challenging for many reasons, including that living things are carbon based, and carboncontaining manufactured products -- such as fuels, building materials, plastics, and commodity chemicals -- pervade the modern world. Currently, these products are derived primarily from fossil carbon, including coal, oil, and natural gas, and their production, use, and disposal typically result in accumulation of CO2 in the atmosphere.
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