Carbon Dioxide Utilization Markets and Infrastructure Status and Opportunities: A First Report (2023) / Chapter Skim
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Pages 22-47
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22 CARBON DIOXIDE UTILIZATION MARKETS AND INFRASTRUCTURE (b) CO2 Emissions from Industrial and Other Sources (MMT CO2/yr)
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. Dispersed Emissions FLIGHT Reporting Facilities Emissions Power plants Transportation Refineries Minerals Metals Pulp Commercial Buildings Petroleum and and Wood Biomass, Natural Gas Paper Ethanol, and Systems Chemicals Other Waste Biodiesel Residential Buildings Consumption Non-energy use of fuels Other industry - Non-FLIGHT database FIGURE 2-2 Total CO2 emissions in the United States in 2019 not including land-use emissions, showing dispersed emissions (brown)
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Analysis based on ETC (2018) , Carbon Capture in a Zero-Carbon Economy; IHS Markit (2018)
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The current market for CO2 is expected to change significantly as uses in the United States develop beyond the existing EOR and industrial processes, to transformations via mineralization, chemical, and biological CO2 utilization processes. 2.1.2.2 CO2 Being Captured and Fed into Utilization or Storage As of April 2022, the United States has 12 commercial-scale carbon capture and storage (CCS)
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. 2.2.1 Current Mineralization CO2 Utilization Processes and Facilities Pilot-scale production of mineralized CO2 products has demonstrated commercial viability for mineralized waste materials (Hills et al.
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Methanol from CO2 is the most advanced of the emerging chemical CO2 utilization technologies, with major pilot projects and commercial-scale plants in the works in both Europe and Asia (Carbon Recycling International n.d.; Greenwood 2021; Hobson 2018; Mitsubishi Gas Chemical Company 2021; Pires da Mata Costa et al.
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. Using the National Energy Technology Laboratory's CO2 transport cost model, the Great Plains Institute estimated costs for capital investment as well as operation and maintenance of CO2 pipelines, finding that large, shared trunk lines transporting greater than 12 million tonnes CO2 per year could cost less than $10/tonne CO2, while small feeder lines transporting less than 4 million tonnes of CO2 per year could cost in excess of $20/tonne CO2 (Abramson et al.
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NOTES: Hydrocarbon gas liquids (HGLs) are defined as hydrocarbons that exist in the gas phase at atmospheric pressure and in the liquid phase at higher pressures.
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available for CO2, hydrogen, or other fuel transport in the contiguous United States, with major ports indicated by an anchor symbol.
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, for example, at Wyoming's Integrated Test Center and the National Carbon Capture Center (National Carbon Capture Center 2022; Wyoming ITC n.d.)
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This section overviews the status of enabling infrastructure for CO2 utilization, specifically clean electricity, hydrogen, water, and natural gas.
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In these cases, the most economically efficient and safest operational profile would be 24/7. Grid interconnection and energy storage therefore can become important enablers to maintain constant operation with net-zero carbon electricity inputs, given the intermittency of appropriately sized renewable energy generation.
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Generation of clean hydrogen from natural gas with CCS has been demonstrated at commercial scale (Global CCS Institute 2021) , and advanced technologies (e.g., autothermal reforming and partial oxidation)
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The size of the red circles represents the amount of hydrogen produced at the facility per year in tons, ranging from 300 to 240,000. NOTES: Figures 2-11 and 2-12 use different units to depict the amount of hydrogen production, megawatts and tons per annum, respectively.
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Maupin, R.R. Caldwell, et al., 2018, Estimated Use of Water in the United States in 2015, WEST EAST Water Availability 30,000 and Use Science Program, Circular 1441 (supersedes USGS Open-File Report 2017-1131)
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In any case, converting the remaining available natural gas pipelines to CO2 trunk lines for capture and use or to hydrogen pipelines as a clean replacement for natural gas will be limited by metallurgical and/or pressure constraints, as discussed further in Sections 4.3.4 and 4.5.2. However, pipeline rights-of-way may be important for supportive infrastructure such as H2 pipelines to enable clean transportation, energy storage, and industrial heating, as well as for manufacture of synthetic fuels and chemicals from CO2.
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However, as discussed in Section 4.3, transporting CO2 in the supercritical phase is much more economically viable than gas-phase transportation, and requires a higher transportation pressure than the safe operating pressure of natural gas pipelines. Therefore, achieving the scale of CCS or CCU necessary to meet climate objectives is unlikely to occur by relying solely on existing natural gas pipeline infrastructure.
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infrastructure for hydrogen production and distribution -- located almost entirely in the Gulf Coast region -- supports a market for refining of petroleum into hydrocarbon fuels and petrochemicals that is anticipated to decline as the world transitions to net-zero emissions, as well as growing markets for hydrogen as a fuel, for use in ammonia production for fertilizer, and potentially as an energy carrier. The addition of carbon capture would allow the current hydrogen infrastructure for petroleum refining to be rededicated to future markets including sustainable CO2 utilization products.
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2021. Council on Environmental Quality Report to Congress on Carbon Capture, Utilization, and Sequestration.
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2021. Carbon Capture and Sequestration in the United States.
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National Carbon Capture Center.
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2013. "A Proposed Methodology for CO2 Capture and Storage Cost Estimates." International Journal of Greenhouse Gas Control 17(September)
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One route to net-zero emissions production of carbon-based chemicals and materials is to replace fossil sources of carbon with non-fossil-derived carbon dioxide (CO2) , and reduce to zero the emissions associated with all other inputs to the utilization process.
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(Million Tons) Track 1 Construction Materials 165 - 550 900 - 5000 Concrete, aggregates CO2 is a new ingredient Track 2 Fuels 10 - 250 700 - 2100 Natural gas replacement, gasoline, diesel fuel, jet fuel Track 2 Chemicals 200 - 750 135 - 565 Solvents, detergents Track 1 or 2 Engineered Materials 140 - 400 30 - 84 CO2 replaces fossil carbon Carbon fiber, carbon nanotubes, graphene, carbon ceramics Track 1 or 2 Polymers 2 - 25 1 - 20 Plastic foils, containers, furniture, plastic housings, toys Track 1 Agriculture and Food > 25 > 40 Fertilizer, protein for human CO2 is a new ingredient consumption, animal feed FIGURE 3-1 Estimated annual CO2 utilization and revenue potential by 2050.
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Syngas 2015: 130–150 GW 15–265 GW 2030 projection: 500 GW Formic acid 2015: 0.5–0.7 Mt 10–475 kt 2030 projection: 1 Mt Polymers and Materials Polyurethane Polyhydroxyalkanoates Polyols and polycarbonates 2015: 8–10 Mt 0.4–6.8 Mt 2030 projection: 17 Mt Carbon fiber Carbon black Carbon nanotubes
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2030 Potential CO2 Utilization 2050 Potential CO2 in Productb Utilization in Product Market Value of Product in 2030, 2035, 2040,e and 2050d 150 100–1,400c 2030: $50 billion 24–1,300 (precast 2035: $150 billion concrete) d 2040: $450 billion 2050: $182–$337 billion (aggregates)
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