Carbon Dioxide Utilization Markets and Infrastructure Status and Opportunities: A First Report (2023) / Chapter Skim
Currently Skimming:
3 Potential Uses of CO2 in Commercial Products
3 Potential Uses of CO2 in Commercial Products
Pages 44-73
The Chapter Skim interface presents what we've algorithmically identified as the most significant single chunk of text within every page in the chapter.
Select key terms on the right to highlight them within pages of the chapter.
From page 44... ...
2022; Global Carbon Project 2021) .1 In addition to embodied carbon, emissions associated with chemical and fuel production, along with other aspects of the product life cycle, are significant.
|
From page 45... ...
(Million Tons) Track 1 Construction Materials 165 - 550 900 - 5000 Concrete, aggregates CO2 is a new ingredient Track 2 Fuels 10 - 250 700 - 2100 Natural gas replacement, gasoline, diesel fuel, jet fuel Track 2 Chemicals 200 - 750 135 - 565 Solvents, detergents Track 1 or 2 Engineered Materials 140 - 400 30 - 84 CO2 replaces fossil carbon Carbon fiber, carbon nanotubes, graphene, carbon ceramics Track 1 or 2 Polymers 2 - 25 1 - 20 Plastic foils, containers, furniture, plastic housings, toys Track 1 Agriculture and Food > 25 > 40 Fertilizer, protein for human CO2 is a new ingredient consumption, animal feed FIGURE 3-1 Estimated annual CO2 utilization and revenue potential by 2050.
|
From page 46... ...
Syngas 2015: 130–150 GW 15–265 GW 2030 projection: 500 GW Formic acid 2015: 0.5–0.7 Mt 10–475 kt 2030 projection: 1 Mt Polymers and Materials Polyurethane Polyhydroxyalkanoates Polyols and polycarbonates 2015: 8–10 Mt 0.4–6.8 Mt 2030 projection: 17 Mt Carbon fiber Carbon black Carbon nanotubes
|
From page 47... ...
2030 Potential CO2 Utilization 2050 Potential CO2 in Productb Utilization in Product Market Value of Product in 2030, 2035, 2040,e and 2050d 150 100–1,400c 2030: $50 billion 24–1,300 (precast 2035: $150 billion concrete) d 2040: $450 billion 2050: $182–$337 billion (aggregates)
|
From page 48... ...
Even with a supportive environment for producing net-zero carbon products, CO2 utilization will compete with other means of reducing the lifecycle emissions of products and materials, including switching from hydrocarbon fuels to electricity and hydrogen and replacing fossil-carbon feedstocks with bio-based or recycled carbon inputs. Replacing hydrocarbon fuels with hydrogen or electricity rather than CO2-based synthetic fuels, when feasible, requires less energy.
|
From page 49... ...
The remainder of this chapter describes in more detail the products and processes relevant for CO2 utilization in a net-zero emissions future, in order to inform needs for infrastructure and policies described later in the report. The potential climate impact of net-zero CO2 utilization processes and products is assessed, with a focus on either durable products that can offer long-term storage of CO2 or nondurable products that will represent a large-scale displacement of fossil-based chemicals in a net-zero carbon economy.
|
From page 50... ...
For the circular processes generating Track 2 products, where carbon from CO2 replaces fossil-origin carbon, CO2 utilization will compete with other potential sustainable carbon feedstocks including biomass and recycled materials. The interplay between these carbon feedstocks is beginning to be explored, particularly with regard to their role in "de-fossilizing" the chemical industry (Bazzanella and Ausfelder 2017; Gabrielli et al.
|
From page 51... ...
TABLE 3-2 Summary of Major Potential CO2 Utilization Opportunities Including Utilization Process and Infrastructure Aspects Chemical or Material Utilization Process Summary of Infrastructure Aspects by Product Class Construction material Concrete Mineralization • P roduct is a bulky solid commodity. Pourable mixtures have a short lifetime curing time before they must be used, limiting transportation.
|
From page 52... ...
° Often will require significant supplies of either hydrogen (similar order of magnitude as CO2 supply) and/or electricity.
|
From page 53... ...
. 3.3.1.2 Aggregates As with concrete materials, the carbonation of minerals and selected waste materials offers Track 1–type CO2 utilization opportunities, that is, providing durable storage of CO2.
|
From page 54... ...
Fundamental Research Bench Scale Proof of Concept Pilot Scale Demonstration Scale Limited Commercial Implementation Broad Implementation BIO-ELECTROCHEMICAL GREEN ALGAE CYANOBACTERIA CHEMO-LITHOTROPHS SYSTEMS FIGURE 3-4 Biologically accessible products from CO2 utilization, including technical maturity. SOURCE: National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine, 2019, Gaseous Carbon Waste Streams Utilization: Status and Research Needs, Washington, DC: The National Academies Press, https://doi.org/10.17226/25232.
|
From page 55... ...
Other C2+ compounds that could be synthesized from CO2 include alcohols, carboxylic acids, fuels, pigments, and proteins. Both chemical and biological systems can produce C2+ chemicals, with biological systems being especially adept at forming multicarbon products.
|
From page 56... ...
. 3.3.4 Elemental Carbon Materials Conventional and advanced carbon materials with 0-3D structures, for example, carbon quantum dots, carbon nanotubes, graphene, graphite, amorphous carbon, carbon fiber, carbon black, and carbon-carbon composites, offer opportunities for advanced properties and new uses.
|
From page 57... ...
3.5 PRIORITY NEEDS FOR CO2-DERIVED PRODUCTS THAT COULD CONTRIBUTE TO A NET-ZERO CARBON FUTURE 3.5.1 CO2-Derived Product Priorities Products from CO2 utilization that will be of highest importance and significance in a net-zero carbon future (IPCC 2022) include Track 1 materials that offer durable CO2 storage and Track 2 materials for which the climate benefit comes from replacing fossil carbon with CO2-based carbon in a circular fashion for carbon-containing products that continue to be necessary and desirable.
|
From page 58... ...
SOURCES: Committee generated based on data from National Petroleum Council, 2019, "Meeting the Dual Challenge: A Roadmap to At-Scale Deployment of Carbon Capture, Use, and Storage," https://dualchallenge.npc.org; and International Energy Agency, 2022, Direct Air Capture: A Key Technology for Net Zero, Paris: IEA, https://www.iea.org/reports/direct-aircapture-2022. All rights reserved; as modified by the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine.
|
From page 59... ...
3.5.2.2.1 Electricity and Feedstock Requirements for Hydrogen Production Figure 3-8 shows a tabulation of the amount of water, electricity, and natural gas to make clean hydrogen via water electrolysis, steam methane reforming (SMR) , autothermal reforming (ATR)
|
From page 60... ...
to prevent coking of catalysts and equipment for natural gas–based synthesis. A similar problem holds for energy and hydrogen inputs above the thermodynamic or stoichiometric minimum.
|
From page 61... ...
Maximum electricity and/or hydrogen and natural gas feedstock and process energy inputs are based on industry reports (Liu 2021) , including those compiled by IEA (IEAGHG 2017)
|
From page 62... ...
Figure 3-11 shows projections of market size through 2040 for various CO2 utilization products, including building materials, fuels, polymers, chemicals, protein, and carbon additives. FIGURE 3-9 Projected market penetration and CO2 utilization potential for aggregates.
|
From page 63... ...
Mason, 2022, "CO2 Utilization and Market Size Projection for CO2-Treated Construction Materials," Frontiers in Climate 4(May) :878756, https://doi.org/10.3389/fclim.2022.878756.
|
From page 64... ...
Track 1 CO2 utilization may serve a need for consuming and storing large volumes of CO2 that would otherwise be emitted to the atmosphere, such as in construction materials and some durable products. Track 2 CO2 utilization will be a part of ensuring access to necessary chemicals in a circular carbon economy, including for large volumes of fuels, polymers, and commodity chemicals.
|
From page 65... ...
, which adversely impact human health with disproportionate impact on disadvantaged communities, unlike zero-emission electrical power or hydrogen-powered fuel cells.2 Because synthetic fuels may be designed to have lower criteria emissions than current fuels such as gasoline and diesel, they typically have fewer contaminants than fossil fuels and can be made as custom blends of chemicals. Aviation fuel or perhaps marine propulsion are possibly the best uses for synthetic hydrocarbon fuels, since local air quality impacts would be less severe and electrification is difficult due to the low energy and power densities afforded by batteries.
|
From page 66... ...
For example, CO2 utilization may offer opportunities for CDR at lower cost for Track 1 chemical products compared to CCS, access to Track 2 carbon products with lower land-use requirements than biomass-derived ones, and, for both product tracks, a new industry that may address environmental justice and other negative impacts related to the production of incumbent chemicals and materials. Forecasts for the magnitude of the emerging CCU industry necessarily cover a wide range, but even at
|
From page 67... ...
For all assessments of net-zero or net-negative emissions status of CO2 utilization products, it is important to estimate the full life cycle impact of the process, including upstream and downstream greenhouse gas emissions associated with the process, feedstock origin, energy use, product fate, co-product fate, and associated waste. To ensure simultaneous economic viability and environmental justice, techno-economic assessments and societal factors have to be fully integrated with life cycle assessments.
|
From page 68... ...
Utilizing CO2 as a starting material in chemical processes to produce fuels, commodity chemicals, and other hydrocarbon-based chemicals requires more external energy and often hydrogen inputs than generating the same products from fossil carbon sources. CO2 utilization to produce hydrocarbon substitutes for fossil fuels will also require substantially more power and hydrogen than needed for direct use of electricity or hydrogen to power transportation and other energy services.
|
From page 69... ...
2022. "Carbon Nanotube Market Size to Reach USD 3,027.4 Million in 2030: Increasing Application of Carbon Nanotubes in Electric Vehicles Is a Major Factor Driving Industry Demand, Says Emergen Research." PR Newswire, April 25.
|
From page 70... ...
2021. Graphite Market Size, Share & COVID-19 Impact Analysis, by Product (Synthetic, and Natural)
|
From page 71... ...
Abu Dhabi: International Renewable Energy Agency. https://www.irena.org/-/media/Files/IRENA/Agency/Publication/2021/ Jan/IRENA_Innovation_Renewable_Methanol_2021.pdf.
|
From page 72... ...
2021b. "Global Carbon Carbon Composites Industry Research Report: Growth Trends and Competi tive Analysis 2021–2027." https://www.researchreportsworld.com/global-carbon-carbon-composites-industry-18344501.
|
From page 73... ...
UNFCCC (United Nations Framework Convention on Climate Change)
|
Key Terms
This material may be derived from roughly machine-read images, and so is provided only to facilitate research.
More
information on Chapter Skim is available.