Carbon Dioxide Utilization Markets and Infrastructure Status and Opportunities: A First Report (2023) / Chapter Skim
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To put these needs into context, Box 1-1 highlights several studies examining the role of carbon capture, utilization, and storage (CCUS) in achieving net-zero emissions by 2050.
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Clean hydrogen production may be enabled by deploying carbon capture technologies on existing steam methane reforming (SMR) assets, such as those used in the refining and petrochemicals industry and for making hydrogen for ammonia production, that have mul tiple decades of remaining useful life.
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CCUS and its requisite infrastructure are implemented in cement production, gas- and biomass-fired power generation, natural gas reforming, biomass-derived fuels, as well as direct air capture (DAC)
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NOTE: DAC = direct air capture; DOC = direct ocean capture. Per its statement of task, the study will produce two reports, with this first report focusing on the current state of infrastructure for CO2 transportation, use, and storage in the United States, as well as priority opportunities and challenges to develop that infrastructure to enable future CO2 utilization processes and markets in a safe, cost-effective, and environmentally benign manner.
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• Carbon utilization, also called carbon dioxide utilization, as defined above is the process of transforming CO2 into a marketable product. • Carbon capture, utilization, and storage (CCUS)
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• CO2 captured from point sources before emission to the atmosphere, such as from power plants or industrial facilities. • CO2 dissolved in natural or other bodies of water, where those waters are used as feedstocks or reaction media for carbon utilization processes.
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1.2.2 Infrastructure for CO2 Capture, Transport, Use, and Storage Infrastructure to enable production and use of carbon-based products in a circular carbon economy includes technologies for CO2 capture, methods to transport CO2 and/or CO2-derived products, facilities and technologies to transform CO2 into useful products, and reservoirs for geologic CO2 storage. CO2 can be captured from point sources such as power plants and industrial facilities, from the atmosphere through direct air capture (DAC)
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CO2 from biogenic sources or captured from the atmosphere Negative emissions or bodies of water Net-zero emissions - and - or carbon removal utilization processes and other capable inputs are net-zero or net- capable negative carbon CO2 from point-source fossil fuel combustion - or Net-zero emissions Net-positive utilization processes and other capable emissions inputs are net-positive carbon FIGURE 1-3-1 Net greenhouse gas emissions implications of carbon source, carbon storage duration in product, and process emissions. Processes are capable of achieving net-zero emissions or negative emissions if they result in long-duration carbon storage in the product and/or if their carbon is sourced from biogenic emissions or captured from air or water.
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Within the context of the existing infrastructure for CCUS and other enabling industries (e.g., hydrogen, clean electricity, and water) , Chapters 4 and 6 present considerations and opportunities for further CO2 utilization infrastructure development.
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Such priority opportunities will consider how needs for carbon utilization infrastructure will interact with and capitalize on infrastructure developed for carbon capture and sequestration. The committee will develop a second report that will evaluate the following: 1)
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2021. Council on Environmental Quality Report to Congress on Carbon Capture, Utilization, and Sequestration.
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2021. Carbon Capture and Sequestration in the United States.
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Current sources of CO2 are also described to assist in evaluating the potential for locating new industries and assessing required infrastructure. Because CO2 utilization processes and technologies can require inputs of clean electricity, clean hydrogen, water, and natural gas, the status of those industries is also discussed.
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.1 Fossil facilities include power plants, natural gas and oil systems, and refineries. Industrial emitters include chemical manufacture, industrial gas suppliers, metals, minerals, pulp and paper, waste, and other.
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