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Carbon Dioxide Utilization Markets and Infrastructure Status and Opportunities: A First Report (2023) / Chapter Skim
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Summary
Pages 1-6

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From page 1...
... Short-lived carbon-based products, including fuels for some heavy-duty transportation applications, some polymers, and commodity chemicals, still will be needed and will have to be produced and used in a circular manner with no net emissions on a life cycle basis. Currently, the vast majority of embodied carbon in chemicals and materials (84 percent globally in 2020)
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From page 2...
... The second panel shows flows of fossil CO2, represented by gray arrows, which in a net-zero case are minimized, with any remaining emissions from fossil facilities captured and diverted to geologic storage or utilized in long-lived carbon-based products. The third panel shows flows of biogenic CO2 (green arrows)
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From page 3...
... Pilot-scale efforts are under way to generate additional products from CO2; however, the inherently higher energy requirements to use CO2 as a feedstock in place of fossil carbon for hydrocarbon-based products and the lack of incentives to produce net-zero-emission products currently limit commercialization opportunities for CO2 utilization. Furthermore, the committee found limited opportunities to leverage current CO2 capture and transport infrastructure for future CO2 utilization projects, since the majority of the existing infrastructure has been developed for enhanced oil recovery (EOR)
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From page 4...
... Track 2 pathways generate short-lived products and can be net-zero compatible if CO2 is sourced from biogenic emissions or from direct air or water capture. Track 1 pathways enable carbon sequestration in products, and Track 2 pathways enable circular carbon flows.
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From page 5...
... The committee therefore recommends siting CO2 utilization facilities near a sustainable water source to support both short- and long-term needs and analyzing the effect of CO2 utilization and the required enabling inputs (e.g., hydrogen) on local water demands, taking into consideration local environmental and justice impacts (Recommendation 4.6)
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From page 6...
... These limitations and challenges include inherent inefficiencies that result in high costs; needs for discovery of and improvement in processes and technologies; requirements for large amounts of additional inputs, such as land, hydrogen, water, and electricity; elimination of the emissions associated with the entire life cycle of a CO2 utilization process and product; limited existing CO2 infrastructure; and societal concerns about infrastructure deployment, especially from environmental justice communities. Considering these challenges and opportunities, this report evaluates near-term needs for CO2 utilization to play a role in a net-zero future.
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Key Terms

  • circular carbon
  • direct air
  • carbon economy
  • carbon flows
  • clean hydrogen

  • clean electricity
  • air capture
  • geologic storage
  • utilization infrastructure
  • utilization facilities

  • utilization projects
  • fossil carbon
  • sustainable carbon
  • chemical utilization
  • infrastructure development

  • infrastructure investment
  • committee identified
  • local water
  • existing infrastructure
  • transport infrastructure

  • water capture
  • pathways generate
  • pathways enable
  • energy storage
  • project developers

  • power generation
  • biogenic emissions
  • processes require
  • require significant
  • development decisions


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