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From page 95... ... Using regression models that control for case characteristics, they conclude that Furman v. Georgia reduced but did not eliminate disproportionate use of the death penalty as a sentence for Black defendants, and evidence for this disparity is quite robust in cases involving White victims. Read the entire page →
From page 96... ... . Given the spatial segregation of population by race in the United States, such geographic variation in death penalty use could generate important racial disparities in execution rates given the characteristics of cases, even if no prosecutors exhibit racial bias when seeking the death penalty. Read the entire page →
From page 97... ... Figure 2-13 presents long-term trends for California's overall violent and property crime rates. Similar to national trends, California's violent crime rate peaks in the early 1990s before declining to current historical lows. Read the entire page →
From page 98... ... Overall Violent Crime Rate 1200 1000 Crimes per 100,000 800 600 400 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 2020 Year B Overall Property Crime Rate 4000 5000 6000 7000 Crimes per 100,000 2000 3000 1970 1980 1990 2000 2010 2020 Year FIGURE 2-13 Long-term violent and property crime trends in California, 1970–2020. Read the entire page →
From page 99... ... The act generated an immedi ate reduction in weekly prison admissions from roughly 2,100 per week to 600 per week and a steady, permanent decline in the prison population of over 20 percent. While this decrease was partially offset by an increase in jail populations, the overall incarcerated population in California (combined prison and jail) Read the entire page →
From page 100... ... . Proposition 47, passed in November 2014, is the most far-reaching sentencing reform passed by way of ballot initiative and had immediate impacts on the operations and practices of several arms of the state's criminal justice system. Read the entire page →
From page 101... ... present an analysis of California arrest rates before and after the passage of Proposition 47. They demonstrate a sharp decline in felony drug arrest rates for African American, White, and Hispanic people, with the larger decline for African Americans narrowing the disparity relative to White people. Read the entire page →
From page 102... ... 102 REDUCING RACIAL INEQUALITY IN CRIME AND JUSTICE TABLE 2-12 Proportion Institutionalized for California Men, 18 to 55 Years of Age, by Race/Ethnicity, Age, and Educational Attainment, 2011, 2014, 2017 Panel A: White Men 2011 2014 2017 All 0.015 0.013 0.012 18–25 0.013 0.008 0.006 26–30 0.017 0.013 0.015 31–40 0.016 0.015 0.014 41–55 0.015 0.014 0.012 Less than HS 0.086 0.071 0.070 HS grad 0.023 0.022 0.020 Some college 0.011 0.011 0.011 College + 0.001 0.001 0.001 Panel B: African American Men 2011 2014 2017 All 0.093 0.078 0.065 18–25 0.076 0.056 0.050 26–30 0.094 0.089 0.072 31–40 0.106 0.089 0.075 41–55 0.097 0.082 0.064 Less than HS 0.337 0.285 0.295 HS grad 0.109 0.093 0.075 Some college 0.054 0.040 0.038 College + 0.007 0.008 0.005 Read the entire page →
From page 103... ... RACIAL DISPARITIES IN VICTIMIZATION, OFFENDING, AND INVOLVEMENT 103 TABLE 2-12 Continued Panel C: Hispanic Men 2011 2014 2017 All 0.024 0.022 0.022 18–25 0.023 0.020 0.019 26–30 0.028 0.023 0.027 31–40 0.026 0.028 0.028 41–55 0.019 0.019 0.016 Less than HS 0.036 0.035 0.041 HS grad 0.024 0.023 0.022 Some college 0.011 0.011 0.010 College + 0.003 0.003 0.002 Panel D: Asian Men 2011 2014 2017 All 0.005 0.006 0.005 18–25 0.006 0.002 0.002 26–30 0.007 0.008 0.003 31–40 0.005 0.009 0.008 41–55 0.004 0.005 0.004 Less than HS 0.021 0.034 0.039 HS grad 0.012 0.010 0.010 Some college 0.004 0.005 0.003 College + 0.001 0.001 0.000 SOURCE: Data from Table 7 in Lofstrom and colleagues (2020) Read the entire page →
From page 104... ... 104 REDUCING RACIAL INEQUALITY IN CRIME AND JUSTICE TABLE 2-13 Proportion Institutionalized among California Women, 18 to 55 Years of Age, by Race/Ethnicity, Age, and Educational Attainment, 2011, 2014, 2017 Panel A: White Women 2011 2014 2017 All 0.002 0.002 0.002 18–25 0.002 0.002 0.001 26–30 0.003 0.002 0.001 31–40 0.003 0.002 0.002 41–55 0.003 0.002 0.003 Less than HS 0.026 0.012 0.017 HS grad 0.004 0.002 0.004 Some college 0.003 0.003 0.002 College + 0.000 0.000 0.000 Panel B: African American Women 2011 2014 2017 All 0.010 0.008 0.007 18–25 0.009 0.004 0.002 26–30 0.009 0.008 0.012 31–40 0.013 0.011 0.010 41–55 0.010 0.008 0.004 Less than HS 0.048 0.050 0.043 HS grad 0.012 0.008 0.006 Some college 0.007 0.005 0.006 College + 0.002 0.000 0.000 Read the entire page →
From page 105... ... RACIAL DISPARITIES IN VICTIMIZATION, OFFENDING, AND INVOLVEMENT 105 TABLE 2-13 Continued Panel C: Hispanic Women 2011 2014 2017 All 0.002 0.002 0.002 18–25 0.002 0.002 0.002 26–30 0.004 0.003 0.003 31–40 0.003 0.002 0.003 41–55 0.002 0.002 0.002 Less than HS 0.005 0.003 0.004 HS grad 0.002 0.002 0.002 Some college 0.001 0.001 0.002 College + 0.000 0.001 0.001 Panel D: Asian Women 2011 2014 2017 All 0.001 0.001 0.001 18–25 0.001 0.000 0.001 26–30 0.001 0.001 0.000 31–40 0.001 0.001 0.001 41–55 0.001 0.001 0.000 Less than HS 0.002 0.007 0.003 HS grad 0.002 0.001 0.001 Some college 0.001 0.001 0.001 College + 0.001 0.000 0.000 SOURCE: Data from Table 8 in Lofstrom and colleagues (2020) Read the entire page →
From page 106... ... SYNTHESIZING THE EVIDENCE This chapter has broadly documented what is known about racial and ethnic disparities in victimization, offending, and criminal justice Read the entire page →
From page 107... ... CONCLUSION 2-1: There are clear racial disparities in victimization rates. American Indians and African Americans are the most likely to be victimized by serious violent offenses, followed by Hispanic, non Hispanic White, and Asian people. Read the entire page →
From page 108... ... Moreover, research analyzing the content of interactions recorded by body-worn cameras confirms these reports. CONCLUSION 2-8: Murders involving Black and Hispanic victims are notably less likely to be cleared by arrest relative to murders in volving White victims. Read the entire page →
From page 109... ... While absolute and relative race disparities have declined for Black Americans, there are still large racial disparities in prison incarceration rates. CONCLUSION 2-11: Black people are heavily overrepresented among people currently condemned to die for their conviction offense. Read the entire page →
From page 110... ... While relatively good data exist on Black Americans' and White Americans' interactions with the criminal justice system, crime, and victimization, data on Latino and Native American populations are often lacking. Although the disparities in crime and criminal justice contact paint a picture of significant racial inequality, the data also indicate substantial improvement in some areas over the last two decades. Read the entire page →

From page 95...

... Using regression models that control for case characteristics, they conclude that Furman v. Georgia reduced but did not eliminate disproportionate use of the death penalty as a sentence for Black defendants, and evidence for this disparity is quite robust in cases involving White victims.