Preparing for LNG by Rail Tank Car: A Readiness Review (2022) / Chapter Skim
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13 Natural gas has been shipped as liquefied natural gas (LNG) by marine vessel and cargo tank motor vehicles for decades.
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14 PREPARING FOR LNG BY RAIL TANK CAR FIGURE 2-1 U.S. natural gas transmission pipeline system.
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BACKGROUND ON LNG SHIPPING AND FACILITIES 15 FIGURE 2-2 U.S. LNG facilities (August 2021)
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16 PREPARING FOR LNG BY RAIL TANK CAR users may depend on such stored LNG as a backup fuel source for power generation. Finally, LNG storage facilities provide transportation fuel for some gas-powered trucks, locomotives, and ships.
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BACKGROUND ON LNG SHIPPING AND FACILITIES 17 In December 2019, the Pipeline and Hazardous Materials Safety Administration (PHMSA) issued a special permit to Energy Transport Solutions (ETS)
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18 PREPARING FOR LNG BY RAIL TANK CAR began testing the transportation of LNG by rail, including a trial run by Elengy that is transporting LNG between southern France and Milan, Italy.15 In January 2022, Elengy signed an agreement with Rubis Terminal to supply LNG to a satellite storage facility near Strasbourg, France, by using rail service from the company's Fos sur Mer LNG terminals on the Mediterranean coast.16 LNG CONTAINERS Table 2-1 summarizes the main types of cryogenic containers used (or approved) for transportation by the different modes.
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BACKGROUND ON LNG SHIPPING AND FACILITIES 19 FIGURE 2-3 LNG cryogenic containers. SOURCE: Chart Industries.
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20 PREPARING FOR LNG BY RAIL TANK CAR temperatures.24 The tank has a capacity of 13,000 gallons when carrying LNG. During 2021, there were more than 520 motor carriers that transported LNG in approximately 28,000 MC-338 cargo tanks.25 Marine Gas Carriers The first LNG cargo transported by ship was from Louisiana to Great Britain in 1959.
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BACKGROUND ON LNG SHIPPING AND FACILITIES 21 NATURAL GAS AND LNG COMMODITY FLOWS In the United States, production of natural gas increased roughly 25 percent between 2016 and 2020.
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22 PREPARING FOR LNG BY RAIL TANK CAR Exports and Imports The United States exports LNG to countries around the world by ship, with only a tiny fraction moving by truck to other countries in North America (see Figure 2-5)
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BACKGROUND ON LNG SHIPPING AND FACILITIES 23 At this point in time there is great deal of uncertainty about future trends in LNG supply and demand for export trade. It is conceivable that more international competition will have a suppressive effect on LNG exports from the United States.
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24 PREPARING FOR LNG BY RAIL TANK CAR the short term, this demand would be affected by the capacity of the origin and receiving facilities to accommodate the larger quantities transported by rail. In the longer term, one would expect the facilities will have time to adapt to the mode that is most economical.
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BACKGROUND ON LNG SHIPPING AND FACILITIES 25 Service to Maritime Fuel Bunkering LNG is being used increasingly for marine fuel. This development is due in part to new international requirements for the use of cleaner fuels for ocean shipping.40 As of 2020, there were 175 LNG-propelled ships in international trade, and the global demand for LNG-powered vessels is expected to increase further in the coming years.41 Service to New England The supply of natural gas in New England is constrained by the absence of gas processing facilities and limited access to interstate transmission pipelines.
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26 PREPARING FOR LNG BY RAIL TANK CAR SUMMARY Natural gas has been safely shipped as LNG by ship and truck for decades. These shipments meet demand in locations lacking access to natural gas shipments through pipelines, including markets overseas.
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