Preparing for LNG by Rail Tank Car: A Readiness Review (2022) / Chapter Skim
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Pages 27-36
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From page 27... ...
27 Although the prospect of shipping liquefied natural gas (LNG) by rail tank car is a new development, other commodities that are regulated as hazardous because of their cryogenic and flammable properties have been shipped in tank cars for decades.
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28 PREPARING FOR LNG BY RAIL TANK CAR process that removes impurities that can result in corrosion and freezing problems during transportation and storage. A natural gas liquefaction plant, such as the peak-shaving plants and export facilities discussed in Chapter 2, performs four main processes: pretreatment, acid gas removal and dehydration, heavy hydrocarbon separation, and finally liquefaction.2 Pretreatment removes the first set of impurities, including dust, sulfur compounds, mercury, and slug, which is a combination of water and low-density hydrocarbon liquids.
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LNG'S HAZARDOUS CRYOGENIC AND FLAMMABLE PROPERTIES 29 This variation in LNG composition will affect the material's chemical and physical properties, including density, liquid-to-gas expansion ratio, and gas gross caloric value (GCV) -- the energy content and quantity of heat released during the combustion of a unit volume of gas.
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30 PREPARING FOR LNG BY RAIL TANK CAR TABLE 3-3 Cryogenic and Flammable Properties Associated with Hazards Property Definition Potential Hazard Boiling Point The boiling point (BP) is the temperature at which a liquid transitions from the liquid to vapor state.
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LNG'S HAZARDOUS CRYOGENIC AND FLAMMABLE PROPERTIES 31 Property Definition Potential Hazard Flash Point The flash point is the temperature at which a flammable material will flash from an ignition source, but not necessarily continue combustion. When a flammable material reaches its flash point, it can ignite upon contact with a source of ignition.
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From page 32... ...
32 PREPARING FOR LNG BY RAIL TANK CAR addition of odorants in shipments. Odorants are normally added to gas transported under pressure to signal a leak.14 Methane vapor, which is the majority component of LNG vapor, is flammable but does not become a combustion hazard until it reaches concentrations in air of 5 to 15 percent by volume.
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LNG'S HAZARDOUS CRYOGENIC AND FLAMMABLE PROPERTIES 33 and expand less rapidly upon heating than LNG. With regard to these two properties, LNG is most similar to ethylene.
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34 PREPARING FOR LNG BY RAIL TANK CAR Ethylene Methane Ethane Propane Butane Adiabatic Flame Temperature in Air in ˚F (˚C)
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LNG'S HAZARDOUS CRYOGENIC AND FLAMMABLE PROPERTIES 35 times higher than that of many other commonly transported hydrocarbons. Hydrocarbons with lower SEPs include LPG, diesel, gasoline, kerosene, and crude oil.32,33,34,35,36,37,38 Due to its much higher SEP, an LNG fire will result in a larger region of thermal damage at any given time.
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From page 36... ...
36 PREPARING FOR LNG BY RAIL TANK CAR TABLE 3-5 Chemical and Physical Properties of Nonflammable Cryogenic Liquids41 Nitrogen42 Argon43 Oxygen44 Boiling Point in ˚F (˚C)
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