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Pages 62-124

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From page 62...
... 62 This chapter describes the various land-use projects, programs, and policies -- referred to here as initiatives -- that could be used to foster FELUs. To facilitate the analysis and use of the material, the initiatives have been classified into seven groups, depending on their primary function.
From page 63...
... Overview of Land-Use Initiatives 63   7.1.1 Planning Tools Initiative LU1: Develop a FELU Plan A FELU Plan is intended to put together a holistic set of goals, strategies and programs, policies and projects to achieve a vision for the area that consistently leads to FELU. This plan aims to reduce systematic inefficiencies in the supply chain, such as VMT, to control logistics sprawl, and to reduce livability issues between freight traffic and facilities and other agents such as pedestrians.
From page 64...
... 64 Planning Freight-Efficient Land Uses: Methodology, Strategies, and Tools as an alternative to road transportation (Dablanc 2015a)
From page 65...
... Overview of Land-Use Initiatives 65   limiting non-agricultural development to densities and development patterns that are consistent with the activity of agriculture (American Planning Association 1999)
From page 66...
... 66 Planning Freight-Efficient Land Uses: Methodology, Strategies, and Tools commercial, and retail activities. In Paris, France, the Chapelle International logistics hotel located in the urban area of the city consists of an urban rail terminal and delivery center, offices, restaurants, urban farms, and a school, and it will be complemented by residential development, small offices, public facilities, and commercial areas (Sogaris 2016; Liu and Dablanc 2017)
From page 67...
... Overview of Land-Use Initiatives 67   Develop a FELU Plan Description: A FELU plan integrates freight activity considerations into a land-use plan so that potential negative impacts from freight activities can be identified at an early planning stage and mitigation plans can be implemented in advance. Addressing logistics land use through comprehensive planning will improve the efficiency of freight activity, and allow land use to be harmonized for all economic sectors while minimizing costs due to externalities caused by freight transportation.
From page 68...
... 68 Planning Freight-Efficient Land Uses: Methodology, Strategies, and Tools Implement a FELU Program Description: This program is designed to foster FELU practices in a gradual manner by means of implementing a series of FELU projects. The program may offer resources, such as funding or promoting public-private partnerships.
From page 69...
... Overview of Land-Use Initiatives 69   Densify Logistics Activities toward the Urban Core Description: Urban cores typically generate large volumes of freight traffic. Allocating spaces for logistics facilities at or near urban cores will shorten the distance between these facilities and retail locations.
From page 70...
... 70 Planning Freight-Efficient Land Uses: Methodology, Strategies, and Tools Preserve Existing Logistics Land Uses Description: Preserving existing logistics land uses ensures the usage of current logistics locations, mainly situated in urban areas. The objective is to prevent the economical valuation of the land to push logistics facilities to relocate further from the urban core where the demand is concentrated.
From page 71...
... Overview of Land-Use Initiatives 71   Logistics Land Reserves Description: Reserving land near important logistics facilities, such as major distribution centers, will enable their expansion when needed. This makes it easier to build infrastructure and develop policies to support FELU.
From page 72...
... 72 Planning Freight-Efficient Land Uses: Methodology, Strategies, and Tools Co-Location of Auxiliary Facilities near Major Gateways Description: Major gateways, such as ports, rely on auxiliary facilities, such as empty container yards and truck terminals, for their operations. By locating auxiliary facilities close to the gateway, freight vehicles will need to travel shorter distances to access these facilities, which enhances the overall efficiency and minimizes the externalities produced.
From page 73...
... Overview of Land-Use Initiatives 73   Foster Logistics Mixed Use Description: By allowing the mixture of traditional and logistics land uses, the available areas allocated for logistics uses in metropolitan areas increases, and the cost of land for logistics activities in urban areas decreases. The mixed land-use incentivizes shorter VMT and reduces logistics sprawl.
From page 74...
... 74 Planning Freight-Efficient Land Uses: Methodology, Strategies, and Tools Relocate LTGs, If Warranted Description: This initiative involves moving LTGs to proper locations to change the pattern of freight generation and optimize the overall functioning of the urban freight system. LTGs are specific facilities that house a significant number of businesses that collectively receive a large number of deliveries, such as airports, ports, container terminals, government offices, colleges and universities, hospitals, and large buildings.
From page 75...
... Overview of Land-Use Initiatives 75   Create Logistics-Focused Land Banking Description: Land banking has been used to convert vacant, abandoned, and tax delinquent properties for logistics uses. Nonetheless, this initiative can be extended to all different types of parcel conditions.
From page 76...
... 76 Planning Freight-Efficient Land Uses: Methodology, Strategies, and Tools 7.2 Zoning This group of initiatives uses zoning tools as a way to enhance freight movements in urban areas and to reduce negative externalities caused by freight movements. To achieve such objectives, zoning tools establish adequate design specifications to accommodate freight traffic, restrict certain features in a given area to minimize negative externalities or conflicts with freight movements, or ensure sufficient area for freight-related facilities.
From page 77...
... Overview of Land-Use Initiatives 77   to preserve historical features, prevent developments in potential disaster risk areas, revitalize underutilized areas, or achieve a balance between residential and commercial features in a given area. In the context of FELU, the special purpose district can be designed for freight efficiency by restricting certain building types, or by supporting the transportation of goods.
From page 78...
... 78 Planning Freight-Efficient Land Uses: Methodology, Strategies, and Tools Use Overlay Zoning to Foster FELU Description: Overlay zoning creates a new designated geography (e.g., a set of properties with a specific boundary)
From page 79...
... Overview of Land-Use Initiatives 79   Use Form-Based Zoning to Foster FELU Description: Form-based zoning regulates development by building form instead of land use, using explicit requirements for structures and surrounding open space that pertain to logistics activities. FELU considerations can be easily incorporated to adjust space requirements and needs, the relationship between structures and entryways, and on-site parking adjustments, etc.
From page 80...
... 80 Planning Freight-Efficient Land Uses: Methodology, Strategies, and Tools Use Hybrid Zoning to Foster FELU Description: Hybrid zoning integrates traditional Euclidean zoning with other zoning approaches (e.g., form-based zoning) to meet the needs of the community.
From page 81...
... Overview of Land-Use Initiatives 81   Create Special Purpose Districts Description: Special districts or special purpose districts with defined boundaries are created by local governments to meet the specific needs of a given area. Most districts are developed to provide a single function, such as to support a particular business activity.
From page 82...
... 82 Planning Freight-Efficient Land Uses: Methodology, Strategies, and Tools Use Planned Unit Developments to Foster FELU Description: A PUD is a type of building development that allows the developer to meet specific needs without being restricted to traditional highly structured zoning requirements. PUDs provide a unique opportunity to foster FELU by means of implementing FELU goals and concepts so that logistics activities, both internal and external to the PUD, are as efficient as possible.
From page 83...
... Overview of Land-Use Initiatives 83   Enhance Subdivision Regulations Description: Subdivision regulations ensure proper site design and supporting facilities, such as parking areas for freight vehicles, by regulating the subdivision of land and establishing minimum requirements for subdivision and platting. These can be enhanced for specific accommodations within the proposed development for freight activities (e.g., truck parking)
From page 84...
... 84 Planning Freight-Efficient Land Uses: Methodology, Strategies, and Tools 7.3 Site and Building Design These initiatives within the site and building design group seek to minimize or eliminate if possible the negative effects of freight activity on the surrounding communities by changes in the design of sites and buildings. Designers of existing buildings, particularly old ones, placed more emphasis on convenience for their tenants than on the possible impacts of freight activity on the surrounding communities.
From page 85...
... Overview of Land-Use Initiatives 85   multiple ways, such as buffer zones, setbacks, and planting strips, and they can be implemented to reduce negative impacts produced by logistics activities on surrounding communities. Buffer zones are used to separate areas in buildings or developments, which can be especially useful to provide separation between activities when land uses are different.
From page 86...
... 86 Planning Freight-Efficient Land Uses: Methodology, Strategies, and Tools be implemented to minimize unnecessary goods movements within the building. This requirement of the provision of a logistics space may be implemented as part of a design requirement that is mandatory or voluntary for the developer to comply with the design of new buildings.
From page 87...
... Overview of Land-Use Initiatives 87   Foster Context-Sensitive Planning and Design Description: Context-sensitive planning can help with the design of logistics facilities to consider the community needs, and mitigate livability issues, while promoting FELU practices. As a result, facilities can be integrated with the surrounding environment, avoiding the conflicts of nimbyism that often stop logistics facilities inside cities.
From page 88...
... 88 Planning Freight-Efficient Land Uses: Methodology, Strategies, and Tools Use Conditional Use Requirements to Foster FELU Description: Developers and business owners are required to legally incorporate the consideration of freight movements in the design of parcels and buildings throughout conditional plans. This initiative primarily targets at new builds or renovation of major buildings.
From page 89...
... Overview of Land-Use Initiatives 89   Require Provision of Buffers Description: Buffer zones, setbacks, and planting strips are used as transition zones to reduce real or perceived negative impacts produced by logistics activity on surrounding areas, especially when the adjacent zone has different land uses. For example, residential areas that are close to an industrial site can have these buffers to reduce the noise and pollution caused by the industrial activity.
From page 90...
... 90 Planning Freight-Efficient Land Uses: Methodology, Strategies, and Tools Redevelop Underutilized Facilities Description: Adapting existing underutilized or older sites for logistics uses provides more infrastructure to improve freight system efficiency. This is especially important in high-density areas, such as the urban core, where there are insufficient logistics facilities to supply the high demand for freight activities.
From page 91...
... Overview of Land-Use Initiatives 91   Require Provision for Logistics Areas Description: It is important for buildings to have space for logistics activities that occur on-site (even vertical distribution) , so that these activities have enough space to take place without interrupting other activities within the vicinity.
From page 92...
... 92 Planning Freight-Efficient Land Uses: Methodology, Strategies, and Tools Require Provision of Off-Street Loading and Parking Areas Description: The provision of adequate parking spaces in a logistics area is crucial for the adequate movement of vehicles that enter and leave the area to expedite deliveries while minimizing congestion and reducing negative impacts on the network. Geographic scope: Area, Corridor, Parcel, Building Initiative group: Site and Building: Building Problem source: Inadequate infrastructure, All traffic, Urban deliveries, Double-parking, Other parking issues, Sidewalk conflicts Expected costs and level of effort: Existing facilities may not legally allow retrofitting facilities, such as historical buildings.
From page 93...
... Overview of Land-Use Initiatives 93   Enhance Building Codes and Design Guidelines to Support FELU Description: There is a need to frequently review and enhance building codes and design guidelines to ensure relevance to current needs. For instance, minimum requirements for loading docks will help ensure that new buildings provide the space needed to do deliveries and pickups.
From page 94...
... 94 Planning Freight-Efficient Land Uses: Methodology, Strategies, and Tools 7.4 Facilities and Infrastructure Management Facilities and Infrastructure Management initiatives focus on the construction or upgrade of facilities and infrastructure to enhance freight efficiency. Decision-makers have traditionally adopted infrastructure improvement initiatives, such as the construction of new ring roads or upgrading railway infrastructure to improve freight mobility.
From page 95...
... Overview of Land-Use Initiatives 95   United States, it is more common in Europe (Smart Growth Network and ICMA 2002)
From page 96...
... 96 Planning Freight-Efficient Land Uses: Methodology, Strategies, and Tools a mixed success record; however, because they have struggled to attract a sufficient number of users. Some obstacles UCCs face include competitive pressures that push suppliers away from participation; overall costs that are frequently higher than direct deliveries, once the UCC's space costs are included (Kawamura and Lu 2008)
From page 97...
... Overview of Land-Use Initiatives 97   Multimodal Logistics Developments Description: Multimodal Logistics Developments allow access to more than one mode of transportation, support convenient transfer between modes, and encourage the use of larger capacity transportation modes. These developments may include other uses, such as sorting and warehousing.
From page 98...
... 98 Planning Freight-Efficient Land Uses: Methodology, Strategies, and Tools Freight Cluster Development Description: Concentrate freight-intensive facilities, such as distribution centers, manufacturers, truck terminals, and intermodal facilities, into a single location, typically at the urban fringe to provide efficiency and economies of scale. Cluster development is a common land-use approach that consolidates a single type of activity in an area to reduce that activity's negative impacts on other areas, such as residential developments.
From page 99...
... Overview of Land-Use Initiatives 99   Multistory Logistics Developments Description: Multistory logistics developments are vertically expanded warehouses used for logistics. These developments can save land space and make use of vacant vertical space.
From page 100...
... 100 Planning Freight-Efficient Land Uses: Methodology, Strategies, and Tools Urban Consolidation Centers Description: UCCs are logistics facilities that aim to reduce truck traffic within a target area by consolidating cargo. The cargo is consolidated at the facility, which is in proximity to the target area, and the last leg of the delivery is performed by a neutral carrier.
From page 101...
... Overview of Land-Use Initiatives 101   Urban Distribution Centers Description: Urban distribution centers for last-mile deliveries are located in or nearby dense areas in central locations. They can be either off-street (e.g., within buildings or garages, and on sidewalks)
From page 102...
... 102 Planning Freight-Efficient Land Uses: Methodology, Strategies, and Tools 7.5 Parking and Loading Areas Management In many city centers and business districts, parking spaces are very limited, which translates into trucks double-parking or spending considerable time circling the block waiting for a parking space (Jaller et al.
From page 103...
... Overview of Land-Use Initiatives 103   This initiative involves the rehabilitation, construction, or installation of truck stops to accommodate truck parking for the purposes outlined. If designed properly, truck stops could be used by freight vehicles as staging areas to conduct transshipment activities.
From page 104...
... 104 Planning Freight-Efficient Land Uses: Methodology, Strategies, and Tools Upgrade Off-Street Parking Areas and Loading Docks Description: Redesign existing parking areas and loading docks to accommodate the geometric needs of current and future freight vehicles. This initiative may involve redesigning the access to parking areas and docks.
From page 105...
... Overview of Land-Use Initiatives 105   Truck Stops and Long-Term Parking Description: There are different types of truck parking, including overnight long-haul parking, which allows drivers to rest on longer trips (usually outside or on the edges of urban areas) , and prepositioning and overnight stops for drivers near their drop-off and pickup points.
From page 106...
... 106 Planning Freight-Efficient Land Uses: Methodology, Strategies, and Tools Staging Areas Description: This initiative fosters the development and requirement of on-site off-street areas at businesses or other facilities to conduct loading, unloading, or other freight-related activities. Improving staging areas reduces systematic inefficiencies, livability issues due to freight facilities, pollution, and noise, and it enhances safety.
From page 107...
... Overview of Land-Use Initiatives 107   7.6 Pricing, Incentives, and Taxation This group of Pricing, Incentives, and taxation initiatives uses monetary transactions and other incentives to achieve FELUs, whether by increasing the efficiency of supply chains, or by reducing the externalities caused by freight facilities and freight traffic. Many of the initiatives aim to encourage the private sector to invest in FELU features, which can be undertaken by both new and existing facilities.
From page 108...
... 108 Planning Freight-Efficient Land Uses: Methodology, Strategies, and Tools Initiative LU32: Use Tax Incentives to Foster FELU This initiative recommends offering tax incentives (such as tax abatements or tax credits) to developers for undertaking FELU developments.
From page 109...
... Overview of Land-Use Initiatives 109   and pollution, among other externalities (Read 2008)
From page 110...
... 110 Planning Freight-Efficient Land Uses: Methodology, Strategies, and Tools Use Impact Fees or Proffers to Foster FELU Description: New developments usually produce externalities to the community (environmental, traffic, or infrastructural) or create additional needs for the surrounding area, such as new roads or infrastructure.
From page 111...
... Overview of Land-Use Initiatives 111   Use Tax Incentives to Foster FELU Description: The provision of incentives to the private sector encourages investment in facilities (either new construction or redevelopment) for certain industries or in location-efficient neighborhoods.
From page 112...
... 112 Planning Freight-Efficient Land Uses: Methodology, Strategies, and Tools Provide Land Subsidies or Grants Description: Financial assistance encourages the private sector to invest in new developments or redevelop of existing facilities by offsetting a portion of the cost of freight-efficient development. These subsidies and grant programs financially assist developers in the acquisition or development of land.
From page 113...
... Overview of Land-Use Initiatives 113   Provide Performance-Based Incentives Description: Incentive programs encourage the incorporation of freight-efficient features in the design of both new and existing buildings, often through grants or density bonuses aimed at reducing systemic inefficiencies and enhancing livability. Grant programs can provide funds based on FELU performance criteria, such as by constructing an off-street loading area, which promotes freight-efficient design and operational efficiency.
From page 114...
... 114 Planning Freight-Efficient Land Uses: Methodology, Strategies, and Tools Enhance Existing Certification Programs to Foster FELU Practices Description: Certification programs encourage incorporation of freight-efficient features into the design and operation of buildings by offering recognition to participants. For example, the LEED Certification Program provides certification to various entities, such as to commercial establishments or neighborhood projects, to encourage the development of sustainable and efficient cities.
From page 115...
... Overview of Land-Use Initiatives 115   Use Tax Increment Financing to Foster FELU Description: TIF reinvests future increases in property tax within a designated zone. The funds are typically used to finance development of the district or to mitigate issues such as congestion.
From page 116...
... 116 Planning Freight-Efficient Land Uses: Methodology, Strategies, and Tools 7.7 Stakeholder Engagement To minimize unintended consequences and improve the acceptance rating of a decision, decision-makers need to have a holistic view of the situation, and take into account the perspectives of all stakeholders involved. Historically, stakeholders have failed to understand the linkage between land-use and transportation planning, creating a critical need for engagement between transportation and land-use agencies toward advancing joint efforts (ICF Consulting 2005)
From page 117...
... Overview of Land-Use Initiatives 117   These collaboration efforts create synergies that could not be achieved without the partnership. One of the common schemes relates to the private sector leading a land development project, in which the public sector participates by providing financial or managerial support.
From page 118...
... 118 Planning Freight-Efficient Land Uses: Methodology, Strategies, and Tools Educate Elected Officials on the Importance of FELUs Description: Elected officials are typically not trained in freight and land use, and they may not be aware of the impact of land-use planning on freight activities. This initiative aims to create awareness among elected officials about FELU practices and their potential benefits, and the role that they can play in fostering FELU practices.
From page 119...
... Overview of Land-Use Initiatives 119   Educate Practitioners on FELU Principles Description: Land-use practitioners and policymakers should be aware of the FELU principles that support their decision-making processes. Education and training programs could be designed to equip these practitioners regarding FELU principles, and how to implement and sustain them over time for the reduction of systematic inefficiencies.
From page 120...
... 120 Planning Freight-Efficient Land Uses: Methodology, Strategies, and Tools Foster Public-Private Collaboration Description: A voluntary partnership between the private and public sectors fosters the implementation of landuse practices that improve the negative impacts of freight activity. Partnerships can include private technical services or the participation of the private sector in the planning process.
From page 121...
... Overview of Land-Use Initiatives 121   Create and Engage Joint Freight Land-Use and Transportation Committees Description: Joint committees composed of land-use and freight planners provide a platform to encourage discussions and collaboration among different stakeholders. These committees provide feedback on the freight issues that arise in the land-use planning agenda, together with potential land-use plans that may impact freight activities.
From page 122...
... 122 Planning Freight-Efficient Land Uses: Methodology, Strategies, and Tools Create and Engage Regional Land-Use and Freight Forums Description: Multi-jurisdictional cooperation at a regional level can be encouraged through involvement in regular forums that discuss freight and land-use decisions. Overall, this initiative promotes more intensive communication among stakeholders at a regional level.
From page 123...
... Overview of Land-Use Initiatives 123   Exhibit 51. Initiative LU42: Implement community engagement programs.
From page 124...
... 124 Planning Freight-Efficient Land Uses: Methodology, Strategies, and Tools Foster Business Improvement Districts Description: Traditionally, BIDs are a group of local businesses and private property owners that get together for the purpose of incentivizing and improving the businesses of the district. Moreover, BIDs deliver services to the community that usually go beyond the capabilities of what the public sector provides.

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