Closing the Opportunity Gap for Young Children (2023) / Chapter Skim
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Pages 272-283
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. A key opportunity gap lies in access to and engagement in mental health care among low-income and minoritized groups (Bringewatt & Gershorff, 2010)
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. For example, universal programs such as home visiting and social-emotional learning approaches in school and child care settings have been found to improve children's social-emotional outcomes (Zhai, Raver, & Jones 2015; SamaMiller & Baumgartner, 2017)
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On the other hand, nonpoor African Americans were less likely than their White counterparts to receive specialty mental health care. In their proposed research agenda for improving minority children's access to mental health care, Alegría and colleagues (2015)
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approaches. Overall, a comprehensive approach is critical to address opportunity gaps in mental health for children from low-income and minoritized backgrounds.
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highlight the lack of attention to mental health disparities in childhood, strategies have been developed at multiple levels for addressing the opportunity gaps that lead to these disparities. Many of these strategies are incorporated in Project LAUNCH (Linking Actions for Unmet Needs in Children's Health)
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. Many of these disorders are identified through the pediatric medical home and at school by either a teacher or school nurse.
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Author Data Source Major Findings ADHD Rowland et al., 2002 School-based sample of African American children 7,333 children were less likely than White children to be diagnosed with ADHD and to currently be taking medication to treat ADHD. Stevens, Harman, & 18,708 children in 1997– Latino and African American Kelleher, 2005 2000 Medical Expenditure children were less likely Panel Survey than White children to be diagnosed with ADHD by parent report.
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Mandell et al., 2009 Review of medical and African American, Latino, education records for 2,168 and other race children children in a multisite were less likely to have a network documented ASD. Palmer et al., 2010 Data from Texas Educational School districts with more Agency and Health Resources Latino children had lower and Services Administration rates of ASD.
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. Minority families may also have difficulty accessing services because of financial, transportation, or child care issues (Zuckerman et al., 2013)
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. Strengthening Families' Work Supports to Reduce Opportunity Gaps The first few months after childbirth is a period in which mothers need time away from work to recover physically and bond with their infants.
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Conversely, limited access to paid leave creates an opportunity gap for young children by limiting bonding time for parents and infants or adopted children, decreasing the time available to take care of serious health issues, elevating family stress, and exposing children to financial uncertainty, all of which can negatively affect children's social-emotional development. Although paid family leave policies benefit parents' and young children's mental health, their effects can vary.
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, calls for periodic reviews of interventions in which home visiting is the primary service delivery strategy to determine whether they improve outcomes in specific legislatively mandated domains, including maternal and child health; positive parenting practices and reductions in child maltreatment; child development and school readiness; family economic self-sufficiency; linkages and referrals to community resources and supports; and reductions in juvenile delinquency, family violence, and crime. Evaluations of home visiting programs (including those that are and are not reviewed by HomVEE)
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