Rapid excavation: significance, needs, opportunities. (1968) / Chapter Skim
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Introduction
Introduction
Pages 1-3
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inaeases and discretionary expenditures become a larger portion of total expenditures, national concern for the quality of the environment increases at a faster rate than the rates of growth of the economic expenditures that generate the concern. This concern reflects wide recognition that America is very rapidly urbanisdng and that more and more of its citizens live in environments highly transformed by man - the environments of large urban areas.
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These effects have been partly due to the geological and physical considerations attending underground excavation, partly to the nature of the demand for underground facilities, and partly to the progress of technological developments associated with alternative activities. These factors, in turn, have influenced the mechanisms for innovation developed by the private sector so that these mechanisms now differ for surface and subsurface activities.
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From page 3... ...
These needs include requirements for hardened missile sites, defense control centers, and exploitation of very large mineral deposits under conservation constraints. In most of these proposals, all costs are passed on to state or federal tax-payers, and these costs are on the rise.
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