Advancing Antiracism, Diversity, Equity, and Inclusion in STEMM Organizations Beyond Broadening Participation (2023) / Chapter Skim
Currently Skimming:
3 Population Data and Demographics in the United States
3 Population Data and Demographics in the United States
Pages 52-84
The Chapter Skim interface presents what we've algorithmically identified as the most significant single chunk of text within every page in the chapter.
Select key terms on the right to highlight them within pages of the chapter.
From page 52... ...
. 2 Building on the previous chapter's examination of how racism works at the systemic level to create obstacles for individuals from historically minoritized racial and ethnic groups to join the STEMM workforce, the current chapter focuses on the end result of those obstacles -- the 1 In this report, the committee elected to use gender-neutral "Latine" rather than "Latino/s" or "Latinx." Latine is a term "created by gender non-binary and feminist communities in Spanish-speaking countries.
|
From page 53... ...
This trend has implications for the future STEMM workforce, given that the present STEMM workforce does not currently feature representational diversity in terms of race and ethnicity. Furthermore, the chapter examines data reflecting current trends within the STEMM educational spaces and the STEMM workforce.
|
From page 54... ...
These standards require collecting answers to the ethnicity question before asking the race question, with the standards requiring two minimum categories for data on ethnicity -- Hispanic or Latine and Not Hispanic or Latine -- and five minimum categories for data on race -- American Indian or Alaska Native, Asian, Black or African American, Native Hawaiian or Other Pacific Islander, and White (U.S. Census, 2021a)
|
From page 55... ...
. The following NCSES definitions for race and ethnicity are according to OMB's 1997 standards: ● American Indian or Alaska Native: A person having origins in any of the original peoples of North and South America (including Central America)
|
From page 56... ...
In some instances, sample surveys may not have had sufficient sample size to permit the calculation of reliable racial or ethnic population estimates for all groups; consequently, data are not shown for some groups. The Census Bureau's Current Population Survey, for example, does not provide data on unemployment among American Indians.
|
From page 57... ...
. The 2020 census offered a field to further describe national heritage for individuals who listed themselves as either White or Black, such as German, Lebanese, African American, or Somali (Brown, 2020)
|
From page 58... ...
As with American Indian and Alaska Natives, Native Hawaiians and Pacific Islanders have been undercounted for decades (Georgetown Law, 2017)
|
From page 59... ...
Given that Hispanic is an ethnicity and can be combined with any race, it has posed challenges as a data category, and the Census Bureau has acknowledged confusion on the part of 3-8 Pre-Publication Copy, Uncorrected Proofs
|
From page 60... ...
In such instances, given the charge to focus on race and ethnicity, the committee prioritized understanding numerical representation primarily through that lens. The changing nature of how race and ethnicity categories have been defined and assessed underscores the fact that race and ethnicity are socially constructed categories that are dynamic and changing constantly because of sociopolitical forces.
|
From page 61... ...
earning STEMM degrees, and who is (and who is not) numerically represented in the STEMM workforce.
|
From page 62... ...
The Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islander in combination population grew by 30.8 percent and included just over 890,000 people (Monte & Shin, 2022; US Census, 2021c) The Census Bureau urges users of census data to exercise caution when making data comparisons between the 2010 and 2020 census figures to account for changes the Census Bureau made to the Hispanic origin and race questions and the ways it codes how people selfreport their race and ethnicity (Jones et al., 2021)
|
From page 63... ...
FIGURE 3-2 U.S. population trends by race and ethnicity, 1997–2017 SOURCE: U.S.
|
From page 64... ...
With that caveat, U.S. postsecondary education enrollment of individuals who identify as Asian American, Black, Latine, Pacific Islander, or Two or More Races (in the official parlance of the 4 For categories other than Hispanic of Latine, these figures reflect the non-Hispanic population figures.
|
From page 65... ...
. Black student enrollment grew the most over that period, increasing by 47.6 percent, followed by Native Hawaiian or Other Pacific Islander, which increased by 39.1 percent; American Indian or Alaska Native by 35.0 percent; Hispanic or Latine by 31.1 percent, Asian by 29.1 percent, and White by 7.2 percent (AAMC, 2022)
|
From page 66... ...
. Most racial and ethnic groups showed growth in enrollment: Black student enrollment increasing by 26.0 percent; Native Hawaiian or Other Pacific Islander; increased by 47.0 percent; American Indian or Alaska Native by 8.9 percent; Hispanic or Latine by 18.3 percent; and Asian by 13.6 percent.
|
From page 67... ...
Changes in Racial and Ethnic Representation Among Degree Recipients, 2011–2019 The following tables and accompanying figures summarize NCSES data on the numbers of people who earned postsecondary S&E degrees in 2011 and 2019 5. (NCSES data report "science and engineering" degrees and do not include individuals in medicine and related degrees.)
|
From page 68... ...
FIGURE 3-7 Change in percent of total of S&E degrees awarded by race or ethnicity by degree type between 2011 and 2019 SOURCE: NCSES 2021a Women, Minorities, and Persons with Disabilities report. 3-17 Pre-Publication Copy, Uncorrected Proofs
|
From page 69... ...
● The numbers of science and engineering degree recipients identifying as American Indian people, Alaska Native people, Native Hawaiian people, and Pacific Islander people were small relative to the other racial/ethnic groups, and there was little change in the numbers between 2011 and 2019. ● In all four degrees, the proportion of White degree recipients decreased between 2011 and 2019, with the largest decrease among associate's degree recipients and the smallest decrease among doctoral degree recipients.
|
From page 70... ...
, demonstrate that in recent history, minoritized individuals' numeric representation in STEM higher education has increased. Despite improvements, the collective attainment of S&E degrees for Black, Indigenous, and Latine Americans lags behind the U.S.
|
From page 71... ...
The tables and graphs above aggregate NCSES data for science and engineering degree recipients. What is not shown are degree attainment data for individual S&E disciplines, which include a broad swath of disciplines including engineering and computer sciences, the natural sciences, mathematics and statistics, and social and behavioral sciences.
|
From page 72... ...
7 Underrepresented groups include Black or African American, persons from Indigenous groups -- American Indian, Alaska Native, Native Hawaiian, Other Pacific Islander -- and Latine or Hispanic American. The NCSES defines "natural sciences" to include: agricultural sciences; biological sciences; earth, atmospheric, and ocean sciences; mathematics and computer sciences; and physical sciences (astronomy, chemistry, physics)
|
From page 73... ...
THE U.S. STEMM WORKFORCE The committee also examined data to gain a deeper understanding of the numeric representation of minoritized individuals in the U.S.
|
From page 74... ...
Using this broader definition, the STEMM workforce was approximately 29 million people of all educational backgrounds (NSB, 2021) , while the American Community Survey (ACS)
|
From page 75... ...
and 7.6 percent of the total S&E workforce. Native Hawaiian or Other Pacific Islander make up 0.2 percent of the total S&E workforce with bachelor's degrees or higher, while American Indian and Alaska Native figures are not reported because of insufficient numbers, as was noted above.
|
From page 76... ...
, 56.2 percent identified as White, compared to 17.1 percent who identified as Asian, 5.8 percent who identified as Hispanic or Latine, 5 percent who identified as Black or African American, 0.3 percent who identified as American Indian or Alaska Native, and 0.1 percent who identified as Native Hawaiian or Pacific Islander; individuals whose race or ethnicity were not known accounted for 13.7 percent of active physicians. One recent study found that Black, Hispanic, and Native American people were underrepresented in ten different health care professions in 2019 (Salsberg et al., 2021)
|
From page 77... ...
White individuals constituted the largest percent of health care workers at 60 percent. Black individuals accounted for 16 percent of the health care workforce, Hispanic individuals accounted for 13 percent, and Asian individuals constituted 7 percent.
|
From page 78... ...
While over half of employed Asian American women work in S&E-related and S&E occupations, White, Hispanic, Black or African American women, and women of other race or ethnicity work predominantly in non-S&E related occupations. Futhermore, regardless of the proportion of women in the STEMM fields, women earn less than their men counterparts in all racial and ethnic groups (Figure 3-15)
|
From page 79... ...
. In terms of promotion and advancement, men are more represented in supervisor ranks than women, and White individuals are more represented than individuals from other racial and ethnic groups.
|
From page 80... ...
Individuals from historically minoritized racial and ethnic groups represent a numerical minority of the STEMM workforce with a bachelor degree or higher, indicating a disparity in the positions that require higher education in STEMM. This may have implications on which jobs individuals from these groups can pursue, the salaries they earn, and their long-term job prospects.
|
From page 81... ...
ethnic groups. Finally, the data demonstrate that among academic faculty and in all races/ethnicities, men are more likely to be tenured than women.
|
From page 82... ...
2021. One size does not fit all: Appreciating the diversity of Asian Americans, Native Hawaiians, and Pacific Islanders AANHPIs and the Implications for Mental Health.
|
From page 83... ...
Asian Americans & Native Hawaiians & Pacific Islanders. Retrieved from https://www.georgetownpoverty.org/issues/democracy/census Hatfield, N., Brown, N., and Topaz, C
|
From page 84... ...
The STEM Labor Force of Today: Scientists, Engineers and Skilled Technical Workers retrieved from https://ncses.nsf.gov/pubs/nsb20212 National Center for Science and Engineering Statistics, National Science Foundation.
|
Key Terms
This material may be derived from roughly machine-read images, and so is provided only to facilitate research.
More
information on Chapter Skim is available.