Advancing Antiracism, Diversity, Equity, and Inclusion in STEMM Organizations Beyond Broadening Participation (2023) / Chapter Skim
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3 Population Data and Demographics in the United States
3 Population Data and Demographics in the United States
Pages 65-96
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From page 65... ...
Meeting this charge is critical to realize the full potential of talent in the United States as well as ensure equal education and professional opportunities for all. Although the representation of minoritized individuals in STEM undergraduate education and STEMM graduate education is increasing, the collective attainment of science and engineering degrees for Black, Indigenous, and Latine Americans lags behind that of the U.S.
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From page 66... ...
Furthermore, the chapter examines data reflecting current trends within the STEMM educational spaces and the STEMM workforce. Though there have been increases in the numeric representation of individuals from systematically minoritized racial and ethnic groups, there are specific areas in the STEMM educational space and the STEMM workforce where significant disparities continue to exist today.
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These standards require collecting answers to the ethnicity question before asking the race question, with the standards requiring two minimum categories for data on ethnicity -- Hispanic or Latine and Not Hispanic or Latine -- and five minimum categories for data on race -- American Indian or Alaska Native, Asian, Black or African American, Native Hawaiian or Other Pacific Islander, and White (U.S. Census Bureau, 2021a)
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. The following NCSES definitions for race and ethnicity are according to OMB's 1997 standards: • American Indian or Alaska Native: A person having origins in any of the original peoples of North and South America (including Cen tral America)
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The Census Bureau's Current Population Survey, for example, does not provide data on unemployment among American Indians. Third, data on race and ethnicity are often based on self-identification.
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70 ADVANCING ANTIRACISM, DEI IN STEMM ORGANIZATIONS categories (Figure 3-1)
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As with American Indian and Alaska Natives, Native Hawaiians and Pacific Islanders have been undercounted for decades (Georgetown Law, 2017)
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It is likely that some of the more than 50 Asian American ethnicities (Chau and Chan, 2021) are underrepresented in STEMM, although the aggregated Asian American population is not (Iporac, 2020)
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In such instances, given the charge to focus on race and ethnicity, the committee prioritized understanding numerical representation primarily through that lens. The changing nature of how race and ethnicity categories have been defined and assessed underscores the fact that race and ethnicity are socially constructed categories that are dynamic and changing constantly because of sociopolitical forces.
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population, collecting racial and demographic data in the United States is likely to remain a complex issue. The following section presents data that articulates the demographic trends and shifts that have occurred in the United States.
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FIGURE 3-2 U.S. population trends by race and ethnicity, 2010–2019.
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76 FIGURE 3-3 U.S. annual population changes by race and ethnicity per year, 2010–2019.3 SOURCE: U.S.
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. • The Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islander population grew by 27.8 percent between 2010 and 2020 and totaled just un der 690,000 individuals.
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. Enrollment of students who identify as Asian American, Black, Latine, or Native Hawaiian or Pacific Islander increased by 32.9 percent and accounted for 48.7 percent of medical school students in 2022, up from 44.3 percent of medical school students in 2017 (AAMC, 2022)
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. Most racial and ethnic groups showed growth in enrollment: Black student enrollment increased by 26.0 percent; Native Hawaiian or Other Pacific Islander by 47.0 percent; American Indian or Alaska Native by 8.9 percent; Hispanic or Latine by 18.3 percent; and Asian by 13.6 percent.
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• Compared to the U.S. population 18–24 years of age, Latine people are overrepresented among associate degree recipients, and Asian Americans are overrepresented among all four postsecondary de gree recipients.
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• The numbers of S&E degree recipients identifying as American Indian, Alaska Native, Native Hawaiian, and Pacific Islander were small relative to the other racial/ethnic groups, and there was little change in the numbers between 2011 and 2019. • For all four degrees, the proportion of White degree recipients de creased between 2011 and 2019, with the largest decrease among associate's degree recipients and the smallest decrease among doc toral degree recipients.
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82 FIGURE 3-7 Change in percent of total of S&E degrees awarded by race or ethnicity by degree type between 2011 and 2019.
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Census Bureau and NCSES Survey of Earned Doctorates, 2022. • The proportion of Asian American degree recipients significantly increased among associate degree recipients, and more modestly among bachelor's and doctoral recipients.
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Furthermore, some data suggest that minoritized individuals disproportionately leave STEMM (Estrada et al., 2016; Hatfield et al., 2022) and are underrepresented among bachelor's, master's, and doctoral degree recipients, though additional data are needed (more on exiting STEMM in Chapter 5)
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who completed 6 Underrepresented groups include Black or African American, persons from Indigenous groups -- American Indian, Alaska Native, Native Hawaiian, Other Pacific Islander -- and Latine or Hispanic American. NCSES defines "natural sciences" to include agricultural sciences; biological sciences; earth, atmospheric, and ocean sciences; mathematics and computer sciences; and physical sciences (astronomy, chemistry, physics)
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THE U.S. STEMM WORKFORCE The committee also examined data to gain a deeper understanding of the numeric representation of minoritized individuals in the U.S.
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puts the number of individuals working in S&E-specific, S&E-related, and middle-skill occupations at 36 million people of all educational backgrounds, representing 23 percent of the total workforce in 2019. NCSES measured individuals in S&E-specific occupations at nearly seven percent of the total workforce in 2019 (Figure 3-13; National Center for Science and Engineering Statistics, 2021c)
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From page 88... ...
and 7.6 percent of the total S&E workforce. Native Hawaiian or Other Pacific Islander make up 0.2 percent of the total S&E workforce with bachelor's degrees or higher, while American Indian and Alaska Native figures are not reported because of insufficient numbers, as was noted above.
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, 56.2 percent identified as White, compared to 17.1 percent who identified as Asian, 5.8 percent who identified as Hispanic or Latine, five percent who identified as Black or African American, 0.3 percent who identified as American Indian or Alaska Native, and 0.1 percent who identified as Native Hawaiian or Pacific Islander; individuals whose race or ethnicity were not known accounted for 13.7 percent of active physicians. One recent study found that Black, Hispanic, and Native American people were underrepresented in ten different health care professions in 2019 (Salsberg et al., 2021)
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FIGURE 3-13 Racial and ethnic distribution of health care workers by occupation, 2019. SOURCE: Kaiser Family Foundation (Artiga et al., 2020)
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Black individuals accounted for 16 percent of the health care workforce, Hispanic individuals accounted for 13 percent, and Asian individuals constituted seven percent. Intersection of Race, Ethnicity, and Gender Figure 3-14 highlights the disproportionately low representation of women from minoritized racial and ethnic groups in STEM fields.
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Those with the lowest percentage of S&E jobs included health care and social assistance, retail trade, and accommodations and food services (NCSES, 2019)
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. Asian American, Native Hawaiian and Pacific Islanders.
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. Asian Americans & Native Hawaiians & Pacific Islanders.
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. Broad diversity of Asian, Native Hawaiian, Pacific Islander population.
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(2022b) Facts for features: American Indian and Alaska Native heritage months: November 2022.
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