The National Academies Press

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From page 12... ... In order to address these needs, efforts are necessary to incentivize safety net parity across states, ensure access to paid family and sick leave programs, and prioritize cash transfers to families to mitigate the economic effects of the pandemic. Safety Net Programs Recommendation 6: The federal government should incentivize states to expand key safety net programs, including Temporary Assistance for Needy Families, and child care subsidies. Read the entire page →
From page 13... ... Given the evidence on the positive effects of such paid leave provisions, implementing such programs or incentivizing states to implement their own programs can provide much-needed support to all workers, particularly marginalized workers who are disproportionately less likely to have similar employer-provided benefits. Recommendation 7: The federal government should support federal paid family leave and paid sick leave programs, building on similar pandemic-era and existing state-level programs. Read the entire page →
From page 14... ... In the absence of such expansion, state governments should consider implementing their own monthly CTC payments, as well as other provisions such as the Earned Income Tax Credit. FUTURE RESEARCH AND DATA NEEDS While evidence about the short-term effects of the pandemic on children and families is emerging, the long-term impacts remain unknown. Read the entire page →
From page 15... ... By investing in children and families today, the nation can avoid higher overall costs to society at large, as a generation of children, despite living through the COVID-19 pandemic, grows to adulthood with health and well-being that is optimized to allow them to reach their full life potential. These investments will need to be targeted to children and families from racially and ethnically minoritized and low-income communities who bore the brunt of the pandemic on top of preexisting societal inequities. Read the entire page →
From page 17... ... While some effects of these stressors were immediate, some may not become apparent until later in their lives. Overall, the developmental trajectories of children have been 1 This report uses the terms "the COVID-19 pandemic," "the pandemic," and "COVID-19" to refer to the global pandemic caused by the severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) Read the entire page →
From page 18... ... Chronic exposure to poverty and prolonged periods of limited resources are additional risk factors that have been intensified by the ongoing pandemic and so have increased the risk of adverse childhood experiences. The effects of the COVID-19 pandemic on children and families may be felt for years to come: for example, research on the 1918 influenza pandemic found long-term physical and mental effects for those who were children or in utero during it (Beach et al., 2022) Read the entire page →
From page 19... ... 3. What policies (e.g., child care, health care) Read the entire page →
From page 20... ... The committee also commissioned three papers to further its understanding of the impact of the pandemic on the workforce, housing, and student loans. Findings from these papers informed the committee's deliberations and are incorporated throughout the report, as appropriate: Read the entire page →
From page 21... ... In undertaking its task, the committee was also asked to focus on "children and families in high-risk communities." While all people were affected by the COVID-19 pandemic in some way, the definition of "high risk" was informed by conversations with the sponsors and data on the disproportionate impact of the COVID-19 pandemic on children and families with low incomes and Black, Latino,3 and Native American4 families with children.5 In this report, these groups are referred to as "individuals who have been racially and ethnically minoritized" and "individuals who have low incomes," rather than "high-risk individuals." While data on case rates, hospitalizations, and deaths continue to evolve as the pandemic unfolds, and while there are other individuals outside of these groups who have faced pandemic-related challenges, these groups were disproportionately affected and the underlying structural inequities that placed people of color at 3 The term "Latino" is being used in this report as an ethnonym of "Hispanic" and is refer ring collectively to the inhabitants of the United States who are of Spanish or Latin American ancestry. 4 The term "Native American" is being used to be inclusive of Indigenous populations in the United States, including Alaska Natives. Read the entire page →
From page 22... ... See Chapter 2 for further discussion of the societal context and structural racism. The committee acknowledges that other ethnic and racial groups and marginalized communities may have been disproportionately affected by the pandemic, but a lack of available national data on these specific communities makes it challenging to draw strong conclusions or make recommendations. Read the entire page →
From page 23... ... The figure also shows large disparities in COVID-19 hospitalizations for Black, Latino, and Native American people in comparison with White people. The higher rates of infection among low-income and racially and ethnically minoritized families likely reflect increased exposure risk due to working, living, and transportation conditions; these populations are more likely to work in jobs that cannot be done remotely, live in larger households, and rely on public transportation (Lopez et al., 2021) Read the entire page →
From page 24... ... Multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children (MIS-C) , a rare but serious condition associated with COVID-19, had affected nearly 9,000 children and adolescents as of August 2022.8 "Long COVID," in which symptoms persist or recur after the acute phase of the illness, seems to be less prevalent among children than 7See https://covid.cdc.gov/covid-data-tracker/#demographics 8See https://covid.cdc.gov/covid-data-tracker/#mis-national-surveillance Read the entire page →
From page 25... ... , Kaiser Family Foundation, using data from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention: https://covid.cdc.gov/covid-datatracker/#demographicsovertime Read the entire page →
From page 26... ... Ohio was the first state to announce a statewide closure of schools on March 12; within one day, 15 other states had followed.10 By March 25, 2020, all public school buildings in the United States had closed their doors, which affected about 50 million students. Many child care facilities around the country also closed in spring 2020, due to government restrictions, health concerns, and decreased demand for in-person care (Lee & Parolin, 2021) Read the entire page →
From page 27... ... . While all public schools closed in spring 2020, schools diverged in their approaches for the 2020–2021 school year. Read the entire page →
From page 28... ... For example, after the initial widespread school closures in spring 2020, continued remote learning was more common in schools that served low-income and racially and ethnically minoritized children than those that served other children (Lee & Parolin, 2021) Read the entire page →
From page 29... ... Chapter 6 discusses how children and families are faring economically from the pandemic and the evidence of effectiveness of economic policies adopted to mitigate the effects of the pandemic. Finally, Chapter 7 offers the committee's recommendations for addressing the long-term effects of the COVID-19 pandemic. Read the entire page →
From page 30... ... They noted that they lacked the emotional support that they had previously had at school through relationships with counselors and engagement in extracurricular activities. They expressed a need for additional mental health resources and a more robust social and emotional safety net at school. Read the entire page →
From page 31... ... Early Childhood Educators A group of parents, Early Head Start program home visitors, homebased child care providers, center-based child care providers, and Early Head Start/Head Start educators and administrators from California shared their perspectives with the committee on the pandemic's impact on the children and families they serve. They also discussed what they need both immediately and long term to mitigate the negative effects of the pandemic on the health and well-being of the children and families and child care professionals caring for these children. Read the entire page →
From page 32... ... really valuable to [child care workers] to bring that information to the classroom and implement some of those too and make sure they were managing their stress levels too. Read the entire page →

From page 12...

... In order to address these needs, efforts are necessary to incentivize safety net parity across states, ensure access to paid family and sick leave programs, and prioritize cash transfers to families to mitigate the economic effects of the pandemic. Safety Net Programs Recommendation 6: The federal government should incentivize states to expand key safety net programs, including Temporary Assistance for Needy Families, and child care subsidies.