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Pages 172-210

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From page 172...
... . There has been a recent focus on pediatric readiness of emergency departments in the United States and, by extension, assessment of the continuum of care needs for pediatric patients in hospital inpatient and critical health care settings, including the need for transportation to specialized levels of care (Ray et al., 2018)
From page 173...
... everyday readiness: prehospital, pediatric readiness, trauma and burns, mental and behavioral health 3. disaster preparedness: capacity and capability; deployable assets; infectious diseases; chemical, biological, radiological, and nuclear threats; reunification 4.
From page 174...
... Two federally funded initiatives can provide a coordinated vehicle to support pediatric and child mental health capacity building and enhanced delivery of tiered interventions for locally implemented disaster response. The Pandemic Centers for Excellence11 are engaged in planning regional approaches and helping communities address surges in behavioral health crises.
From page 175...
... They also include children with disabilities and preexisting behavioral health conditions who had delays in receiving adequate services during the pandemic. Partnering with those groups that have been disproportionality affected by COVID-19 to identify effective outreach strategies and messaging is critical.
From page 176...
... , such as the Child Adult Relationship Enhancement training (Gurwitch et al., 2016) .13 Tier 2 interventions include the incorporation of youth trauma-informed suicide prevention programs directed at youth identified to be at risk in emergency departments, primary health care settings, and schools (Tunno et al., 2021)
From page 177...
... Conclusion 5-3: Federal efforts to halt disenrollment from Medicaid during the public health emergency were critical to increased Medicaid enrollment throughout the pandemic. Medicaid will be an important part of ensuring that children in low-income families have coverage to address the increased physical and mental health burdens they have faced and are facing.
From page 178...
... . Clinical manifestations, risk factors, and maternal and perinatal outcomes of coronavirus disease 2019 in pregnancy: Living systematic review and meta-analysis.
From page 179...
... . Association of COVID-19 acute respiratory distress syndrome with symptoms of posttraumatic stress disorder in family members after ICU discharge. JAMA, 327(11)
From page 180...
... . Comparison of unemployment-related health insurance coverage changes in Medicaid expansion vs nonexpansion states during the COVID-19 pandemic.
From page 181...
... Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report, 71(Suppl.
From page 182...
... . Pregnancy and neonatal outcomes in SARS-CoV-2 infection: A systematic review.
From page 183...
... Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report, 71(17)
From page 184...
... Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report, 70(7)
From page 185...
... . A national assessment of pediatric readiness of emergency departments. JAMA Pediatrics, 169(6)
From page 186...
... Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report, 71(7)
From page 187...
... . Suicide ide ation and attempts in a pediatric emergency department before and during COVID-19.
From page 188...
... . Trends in psychiatric emergency department visits among youth and young adults in the US.
From page 189...
... Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report, 69(32)
From page 190...
... . COVID-19 trends among persons aged 0–24 years -- United States, March 1– December 12, 2020. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report, 70(3)
From page 191...
... . The ef fects of Medicaid expansion under the ACA: A systematic review.
From page 192...
... . Preterm birth among pregnant persons with severe acute respiratory syndrome Corona virus 2 infection.
From page 193...
... Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report, 62(02)
From page 194...
... . Pediatric emergency department visits before and during the COVID-19 pandemic -- United States, January 2019–January 2022.
From page 195...
... . Intimate partner violence and Hurricane Katrina: Predictors and associated mental health outcomes.
From page 196...
... . Trends in COVID-19 cases, emergency department visits, and hospital admissions among children and adolescents aged 0-17 years -- United States, August 2020–August 2021.
From page 197...
... emergency department visits related to suspected or confirmed child abuse and neglect among children and adolescents aged <18 years before and during the COVID-19 Pandemic -- United States, January 2019– September 2020. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report, 69(49)
From page 198...
... . Disaster, disruption to family life, and intimate partner violence: The case of the 2010 earthquake.
From page 199...
... mRNA vaccination against multisystem inflammatory syndrome in children among persons aged 12-18 years -- United States, July–December 2021. Morbidity and Mortality Weekly Report, 71(2)
From page 200...
... The Pediatric Infectious Disease Journal, 40(12)
From page 201...
... payments, the child tax credit, eviction moratoriums, and student loan relief measures) , and other safety net programs.
From page 202...
... Coronavirus Aid, Relief, and Economic Security (CARES) Act: Signed into law on March 27, 2020, the CARES Act appropriated $2.2 trillion in funding for economic impact payments, often referred to as stimulus payments; further ex pansion to the federal UI programs; public service loan forgiveness for some stu dent loans; expansion of the Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program (SNAP, formerly known as food stamps)
From page 203...
... . The CARES Act further expanded UI benefits with three programs: the Federal Pandemic Unemployment Compensation program provided an additional $600 per week in UI benefits between March and July 2020 (Han et al., 2020)
From page 204...
... At the same time, Holzer and colleagues (2021) also found that early termination of UI benefits increased the share of households who reported difficulty in meeting essential expenses (e.g., material hardship)
From page 205...
... . Overall, research on the effects of UI pandemic provisions suggests positive effects on family well-being, including reduced food and material hardships, attenuation of mental health duress, especially for lower-wage workers.
From page 206...
... For paid sick leave, qualifying workers could receive up to 80 hours of time off at their regular rate of pay for their own quarantine or COVID-19 symptoms or for that of an immediate family member. For paid family leave, qualifying workers could take up to 10 weeks off if they were unable to work because of the need to care for a child whose school or child care facility was closed; these workers received two-thirds of their regular rate of pay (DOL, 2020a)
From page 207...
... Pandemicera paid family leave was limited to caretaking during school closures, and use of the program was significantly less than that of paid sick leave; Goodman (2021) found that only 15 percent of firms with 100–300 employees had at least one employee who used paid family leave.
From page 208...
... payments, the child tax credit, eviction moratoriums, and student loan relief measures. Economic Impact Payments The first stimulus payments were distributed to qualifying individuals and families between April 2020 and March 2021: $1,200 to individuals, $2,400 to married couples, and an additional $500 for each qualifying child.
From page 209...
... . Overall, the evidence suggests that households with fewer resources prior to the pandemic or became short of resources because of the pandemic used stimulus payments for essential goods, which aligns with a long line of scholarship on a similar federal cash transfer program, the Earned Income Tax Credit (EITC; Romich & Weisner, 2000; Smeeding et al., 2000; Mendenhall et al., 2012; Halpern-Meekin et al., 2015; Sykes et al., 2015)
From page 210...
... Analysis of the CTC's antipoverty effects found that monthly child poverty rates declined from about 16 percent in June 2021 to 12 percent in July 2021 after the first CTC payments. It is estimated that this benefit represented about three million children lifted out of poverty by the CTC, reducing monthly child poverty by an estimated 40 percent (Parolin et al., 2021b)


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