Dietary Reference Intakes for Energy (2023) / Chapter Skim
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Energy balance depends on an individual's dietary energy intake and energy expenditure. The Dietary Reference Intake (DRI)
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Specifically, the committee was asked to assess the human requirements for energy intake and expenditure, and to consider age, sex, body size, body composition, level of physical activity, race/ethnicity, and other factors that may be warranted, based on the available data. Other significant variables for consideration included energy for growth and maturation for children, energy needs to support pregnancy, energy costs of milk production for lactating women, energy intake to achieve and maintain weight loss or weight gain, energy requirements to support recovery from disease and treatments or interventions such as surgery, and the health consequences of chronic overnutrition or undernutrition across the life span.
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However, recent evidence indicates that the physical activity level coefficient is not constant but varies significantly across age groups, particularly during the first 20 years of life, thus the previous PAL coefficients could not be used for all life stages. Therefore, an approach was developed to incorporate the age dependency into PAL categories for the development of the TEE prediction equations.
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Low active TEE = 575.77 – (7.01 × age) + (6.60 × height)
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R2 = R squared; R2 adj = adjusted R squared; R2 shr = shrunken R squared; RMSE = root mean squared error; MAPE = mean absolute percentage error; MAE = mean absolute error. RMSE is the same as standard error of the estimate (SEE)
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TABLE S-2 Summary Table of EER Equations by Age, Sex, Physical Activity, and Energy Cost of Growth: Children and Adolescents Age Group Sex PAL Category EER Equation (kcal/d) 0 to 2.99 months M -- EER = –716.45 – (1.00 × age)
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TABLE S-3 Summary Table of EER Equations Based on TEE Prediction by Age, Sex, and Physical Activity: Adults Age Group Sex PAL Category EER Equation (kcal/d) 19+ years M Inactive EER = 753.07 – (10.83 × age)
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TABLE S-4 Summary Table of EER Equations for Pregnant Women During the Second and Third Trimesters of Pregnancy Life Stage PAL Category EER Equation (kcal/day) 2nd and 3rd Inactive EER = 1,131.20 – (2.04 × age)
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+ (14.25 × weight) + energy cost of milk production – energy mobilization NOTES: For exclusively breastfeeding 0 to 6 months postpartum: EER (kcal/d)
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+ energy cost of milk production Low active EER = –297.54 – (22.25 × age) + (12.77 × height)
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A critical element in selecting the appropriate EER equation is identifying the correct PAL category: inactive, low active, active, or very active. Planning Energy Intakes for Individuals The EER for an individual is calculated by inserting the person's age, height, and weight into the appropriate EER equation.
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Thus, the appropriate EER equation for pregnancy is based on the woman's current PAL, age, height, weight, and weeks of pregnancy and includes extra calories needed for energy deposition during the second and third trimesters. To plan for energy intake during lactation, the EER equation for an appropriate PAL category for women 19 years of age and older is used, to which an increment is added.
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The committee identified a number of limitations in the approach to planning energy intakes of groups. While the EER will closely approximate the average energy requirements of the group, it will overestimate or underestimate the requirements of many group members.
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Reported energy intakes from national surveys indicate that intakes are generally well below the EER calculated for the group for adults. Further, they are not subdivided by PAL category, as the surveys do not collect data that would permit a PAL category to be determined.
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