Dietary Reference Intakes for Energy (2023) / Chapter Skim
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Pages 155-174
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From page 155... ...
3,002 3,301 * First trimester uses the prepregnancy weight; second and third trimesters use cur rent weight and assume that weight gain is occurring at recommended rates.
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From page 156... ...
As women resume work and leisure physical activity, energy expenditure may increase but this can be offset by decreased energy needs attributable to partial breastfeeding and the introduction of complementary foods to the infant over the course of the postpartum period. Evidence exists to support greater weight loss during the postpartum period without compromising the volume or quality of breast milk if no additional calories are consumed beyond the nonpregnant EER (Lovelady, 2011)
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From page 157... ...
. Individuals with Extremely High Physical Activity Levels By definition, the EER equations do not predict energy requirements of those with a PAL greater than 2.5, and individuals undergoing strenuous physical activity for prolonged periods of time (e.g., elite athletes undergoing heavy training)
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From page 158... ...
Select the EER equation, and calculate the EER. The EER equations can be used in the initial stage of planning for the energy intakes of groups, although the approach differs depending on whether the planner has access to complete data on the individual characteristics of all group members (i.e., sex, age, height, weight, and PAL category)
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From page 159... ...
to calculate EERs for age/sex groups Determine a weighted EER using the proportions of boys and girls in the group NOTE: EER = estimated energy requirement; PAL = physical activity level. members but will overestimate or underestimate the actual requirements of others.
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From page 160... ...
b Age used to predict EER is based on specific age: birth–2 mo: 1 mo; 3–5 mo: 4 mo; 6–8 mo: 7 mo; 9–11 mo: 10 mo; 12–14 mo: 13 mo; 15–17 mo: 16 mo; 18–20 mo: 19 mo; 21–23 mo: 22 mo; 24–26 mo: 25 mo; 27–29 mo: 28 mo; 30–32 mo: 31 mo; 33–35 mo: 34 mo. c Uses EER equations for boys, 0–2 years.
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From page 161... ...
b Age used to predict EER is based on specific age: birth–2 mo: 1 mo; 3–5 mo: 4 mo; 6–8 mo: 7 mo; 9–11 mo: 10 mo; 12–14 mo: 13 mo; 15–17 mo: 16 mo; 18–20 mo: 19 mo; 21–23 mo: 22 mo; 24–26 mo: 25 mo; 27–29 mo: 28 mo; 30–32 mo: 31 mo; 33–35 mo: 34 mo. c Uses EER equations for girls, 0–2 years.
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From page 162... ...
b Uses EER equations for boys, 3–18 years c For ages 3–8 years: inactive: 1.0 ≤ PAL < 1.31; low active: 1.31 ≤ PAL < 1.44; active: 1.44 ≤ PAL < 1.59; very active: 1.59 ≤ PAL < 2.5. For ages 9–13 years: inactive: 1.0 ≤ PAL < 1.44; low active: 1.44 ≤ PAL < 1.60; active: 1.60 ≤ PAL < 1.77; very active: 1.77 ≤ PAL < 2.5.
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From page 163... ...
b Uses EER equations for girls, 3–18 years. c For ages 3–8 years: Inactive: 1.0 ≤ PAL < 1.31; low active: 1.31 ≤ PAL < 1.44; active: 1.44 ≤ PAL < 1.59; very active: 1.59 ≤ PAL < 2.5.
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From page 164... ...
d Inactive: 1.0 ≤ PAL < 1.53; low active: 1.53 ≤ PAL < 1.69; active: 1.69 ≤ PAL < 1.85; very active: 1.85 ≤ PAL < 2.5. TABLE 7-10 Estimated Energy Requirements (EER)
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From page 165... ...
. b Uses EER equations for boys, 3–18 years.
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From page 166... ...
. b Uses EER equations for girls, 3–18 years.
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From page 167... ...
d Inactive: 1.0 ≤ PAL < 1.53; low active: 1.53 ≤ PAL < 1.69; active: 1.69 ≤ PAL < 1.85; very active: 1.85 ≤ PAL < 2.5. TABLE 7-14 Estimated Energy Requirements (EER)
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From page 168... ...
If meals are provided in a setting in which individuals can choose the amounts they receive, it is possible that providing a total amount of food energy equal to the mean or median EER multiplied by the number of group members could meet the requirements of almost all members of the group. This is possible because freely selected energy intakes are highly correlated with energy requirements.
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From page 169... ...
and current level of physical activity. It is recognized that in some cases, modification of body weight/composition may be appropriate (e.g., weight loss in an individual with obesity and type 2 diabetes)
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From page 170... ...
Assessing Energy Intakes of Individuals Short-term changes in body weight can be interpreted as reflecting energy intakes that are inadequate (if weight is being lost) or excessive (if weight if being gained)
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From page 171... ...
In conclusion, neither weight loss nor weight gain would be indicated from an overall health perspective. Assessing Energy Intakes of Groups As was true for individuals, it is not appropriate to use reported energy intake to determine the prevalence of energy inadequacy or excess in a group.
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From page 172... ...
For each BMI category, EERs were determined for inactive, low active, active, and very active women at median height and weight for that BMI category and at age 50 (an approximate median age for women aged 19 years or older)
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From page 173... ...
for U.S. and Canadian women aged 19 years or older with normal weight, overweight, and obesity, compared to median energy intakes reported in NHANES (U.S.
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From page 174... ...
, the most obvious difference appears to be the narrowing of the differences in energy requirements across PAL categories. In general, EERs of those in the least active PAL category are higher in 2023 than in 2005, while EERs of those in the highest PAL category are lower in 2023 than in 2005, and the increase from low active to active or active to very active tends to be smaller than in the previous EERs.
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