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Pages 191-214

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From page 191...
... The review included four studies with 6,901 participants and showed that weight cycling was associated with a 63 percent increased risk for all-cause mortality. A systematic review by Zou et al.
From page 192...
... (2019) conducted a systematic review to identify reports of intentional weight loss, weight cycling after intentional weight loss, bariatric surgery, and endometrial cancer risk.
From page 193...
... . Intentional Weight Loss and Chronic Disease Outcomes Evidence from Systematic Reviews Ma et al.
From page 194...
... . Medications Evidence from systematic reviews Whereas the effects of many medications on energy expenditure are unknown, a systematic review of 33 studies showed that continuous sedation or analgesia used in intensive care reduces energy expenditure as measured by indirect calorimetry (Dickerson and Roth-Yousey, 2005)
From page 195...
... and impaired bone accretion in children, susceptibility to infections, immune system vulnerability, and impaired wound healing. Critical Illness A systematic review of 103 articles that included 4,388 adults, children, and neonates showed that several physiological and clinical factors influencing energy expenditure are not included in predictive equations.
From page 196...
... FINDINGS AND CONCLUSIONS BMI and Health Outcomes Findings The committee finds that systematic reviews show that high BMI (in the WHO categories of overweight and obese) is associated with significantly increased risk for gestational diabetes, juvenile onset type 1 diabetes, childhood/adolescent asthma, prediabetes, type 2 diabetes, hypertension, stroke, premature myocardial infarct, coronary heart disease, several types of cancer, nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, age-related disability, and all-cause mortality, but lower risk of hip fracture.
From page 197...
... Conclusions  he committee concludes that, considered collectively, the systematic reviews T on weight cycling and health outcomes examined by the committee suggest that weight cycling appears to reduce REE in persons with obesity at base line, especially in those who have severe obesity and those who cycle more frequently. However, these data are limited by small sample sizes, lack of standardized definition, and lack of more rigorous study designs such as DLW or metabolic chamber studies.
From page 198...
... 2013. Effect of weight loss and regain on adipose tissue distribution, composition of lean mass and resting energy expenditure in young overweight and obese adults.
From page 199...
... 2017. Total energy expenditure, energy intake, and body composition in endurance athletes across the training season: A systematic review.
From page 200...
... 2020. Adult weight gain and the risk of cardiovascular disease: A systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies.
From page 201...
... 2017. Effects of weight loss interventions for adults who are obese on mortality, cardiovascular disease, and cancer: Systematic review and meta-analysis.
From page 202...
... 2019. Intentional weight loss, weight cycling, and endometrial cancer risk: A systematic review and meta-analysis.
From page 203...
... 2019. Body weight fluctuation was associated with increased risk for cardiovascular disease, all cause and cardiovascular mortality: A systematic review and meta-analysis.
From page 205...
... to individuals and population groups. FACTORS AFFECTING ENERGY REQUIREMENTS Limited data and systematic review evidence are available on how factors such as macronutrient composition of the diet, the gut microbiome, dietary fiber, and genetic factors affect energy requirements at all life stages.
From page 206...
... The effect of sarcopenic obesity on energy requirements in individuals of all age, sex, and BMI groups is not well understood, nor is energy balance, energy expenditure, and energy compensation in individuals with BMI ≥ 50. Additionally, data from DLW studies is lacking for infants, children, adolescents, the oldest old, and lactating women.
From page 207...
... Journal editors should require documentation from authors to show that articles accepted for publication have met quality factors for assessing energy intake imbalances. APPLICATION OF THE EER TO INDIVIDUALS AND POPULATION GROUPS To support translation to population-level survey data and application for recommendations, research is needed on the relationship between total energy expenditure and physical activity levels (PALs)
From page 208...
... and Canadian agencies that fund research to support public health initiatives should invest in development and validation of measures of physical activity that can be used in public health and research contexts.
From page 209...
... Appendix A Acronyms and Abbreviations AI Adequate Intake AMDR Acceptable Macronutrient Distribution Range AMSTAR Assessment of Multiple Systematic Reviews BEE basal energy expenditure BM breast milk BMI body mass index BMR basal metabolic rate BRFSS Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System CCHS Canadian Community Health Survey CDC Centers for Disease Control and Prevention CDRR Chronic Disease Risk Reduction Intake CHMS Canadian Health Measures Survey CVD cardiovascular disease DIT diet-induced thermogenesis DLW doubly labeled water DRI Dietary Reference Intake DXA dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry EAR Estimated Average Intake EER Estimated Energy Requirement 209
From page 210...
... 210 DIETARY REFERENCE INTAKES FOR ENERGY FFM fat-free mass FFQ food frequency questionnaire FM fat mass g gram GRADE Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development, and Evaluation GWG gestational weight gain IAEA International Atomic Energy Agency Kcal kilocalorie kJ kilojoule m meter MeSH medical subject heading MI myocardial infarction MVPA moderate to vigorous physical activity NAFLD nonalcoholic fatty liver disease NEAT nonexercise activity thermogenesis NHANES National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey NIH National Institutes of Health NPNL non-pregnant non-lactating PAEE physical activity energy expenditure PAL physical activity level PIECOD population, intervention [exposure] , comparators, outcomes, study designs RDA Recommended Dietary Allowance REE resting energy expenditure RMR resting metabolic rate SD standard deviation SE standard error SR systematic review T2DM type 2 diabetes mellitus TEE total energy expenditure TEF thermic effect of food
From page 211...
... APPENDIX A 211 UL Tolerable Upper Intake Level WC waist circumference WHO World Health Organization
From page 213...
... Her current funded research explores the concept of food reward and sensitivity among pregnant women and early determinants of childhood obesity and the association of maternal preconceptional health with childhood eating and weight status among Hispanics. Other research interests include examining the determinants and consequences of food insecurity and the implications of food policy on health outcomes.
From page 214...
... He has led numerous systematic reviews and related reports for AHRQ, several NIH institutes and offices, FDA, the CDC-sponsored Community Task Force, and the World Health Organization, among others. He has also led numerous reviews on nutritionrelated topics, including those to support prior NASEM DRI reports.


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