Dietary Reference Intakes for Energy (2023) / Chapter Skim
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Appendix E: Key Questions and Eligibility Criteria
Appendix E: Key Questions and Eligibility Criteria
Pages 255-270
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From page 255... ...
: overweight, obese, exposures and underweight, normal weight comparators Study designs (of Include: primary studies • Longitudinal studies included within the systematic reviews) Exclude: • Cross-sectional studies Systematic reviews must include a meta-analysis Timing No minimum "treatment" or exposure duration required No minimum follow-up duration (to when outcome is measured)
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From page 256... ...
high fat; physical activity) Study designs (of Include: primary studies • Randomized crossover trials included within the • Randomized clinical trials (parallel)
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From page 257... ...
Key Question: What is the association of body composition with metabolic efficiency (energy usage/expenditure)
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From page 258... ...
Setting • Restrict to high- and upper middle-income countries • Restrict to studies published 2000 or later Outcomes Usage/expenditure must be measured (e.g., DLW, direct and indirect calorimetry) • 24-hour energy expenditure • Resting or basal metabolic rate • Energy cost of physical activity • Thermic effect of food • Metabolic adaptation (mitochondria dynamics)
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From page 259... ...
• Study must provide separate results data by age group (or be specific to one age group or life stage) • Subgroups of interest º Age/life stage º Sex Interventions/ The life stage of infancy, childhood, adolescence, pregnancy, exposures and and lactation comparators Study designs Include: • Randomized clinical trials • Nonrandomized comparative studies, unadjusted • Single group (noncomparative between interventions/ exposures)
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From page 260... ...
Population • Human only • Subgroups of interest º Age/life stage º Sex Interventions/ Race or ethnic group exposures and comparators Study designs (of • Randomized clinical trials primary studies • Nonrandomized comparative studies, unadjusted included within the • Single group (noncomparative between interventions/ systematic reviews exposures) and primary studies)
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From page 261... ...
• High fat vs. low carbohydrate (holding protein stable with comparator)
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From page 262... ...
• 24-hour energy expenditure • Resting or basal metabolic rate • Energy cost of physical activity • Thermic effect of food • Metabolic adaptation (mitochondria dynamics) NOTE: DLW = doubly labeled water.
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From page 263... ...
Population • Human only • Allow focus on health conditions: obesity, type 2 diabetes º Exclude focus on other health conditions • Allow focus on other population groups: º High physical activity º Diet (e.g., vegetarian, vegan) • Subgroups of interest º Age/life stage º Sex º Race/ethnicity Interventions/ Different age or age categories exposures and comparators Study designs (of Include: primary studies • Randomized clinical trials included within the • Nonrandomized comparative studies, multivariable systematic reviews)
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From page 264... ...
º Sedentary behaviors º Steps º Total activity counts º Volume º Activity type º Behavior • Energy expenditure º Total energy expenditure º Net energy expenditure º Activity energy expenditure º Energy cost of physical activity • Type of measurement º Doubly labeled water º Accelerometer º Wearable sensors º Questionnaire º Objective º Subjective º Indirect calorimetry º Room calorimeter º Free living • Obesity risk º Body weight º BMI º Body fat % º Waist circumference º Visceral fat NOTE: BMI = body mass index; kcals = kilocalories; METs = metabolic equivalent of task.
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From page 265... ...
• Subgroups of interest º Age/life stage º Sex º Race/ethnicity Interventions/ Physical activity measurement method exposures and comparators Study designs (of Include: primary studies • Randomized clinical trials included within the • Nonrandomized comparative studies, multivariable systematic reviews) adjusted • Association analyses (e.g., regression models, predictors, risk factors)
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From page 266... ...
• Exclude studies focused on unintentional weight loss and studies of bariatric surgery outcomes Study designs (of Include: primary studies • Longitudinal studies (adults) included within the • Cohort studies (adults)
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From page 267... ...
and health outcomes? Population • Human only • Allow focus on health conditions: obesity, type 2 diabetes º Exclude focus on other health conditions • Allow focus on other population groups: º High physical activity º Diet type • Subgroups of interest º Age/life stage º Sex º Race/ethnicity Interventions/ Weight cycling exposures and comparators Exclude any cointerventions/coexposures (e.g., low fat + vitamin B12 vs.
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From page 268... ...
268 DIETARY REFERENCE INTAKES FOR ENERGY Outcomes • Energy balance/imbalance/excess/deficit º Energy intake º Energy expenditure (TEE, REE, BMR, BEE, RMR) º Body weight º BMI • Energy utilization º Fat/carbohydrate/protein oxidation º Body fat º Body weight • Body composition º Lean mass º Fat mass º Body fat % º Body weight • Energy metabolism/metabolic efficiency/metabolic flexibility • Obesity risk º Body weight º BMI º Body fat % º Waist circumference º Visceral fat ª Type 2 diabetes mellitus risk º Body weight º BMI º Body fat % º Waist circumference º Visceral fat º Glucose º Insulin º HOMA-IR NOTE: BEE = basal energy expenditure; BMI = body mass index; BMR = basal metabolic rate; HOMA-IR = Homeostatic Model Assessment of Insulin Resistance; REE = resting energy expenditure; RMR = resting metabolic rate.
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From page 269... ...
high fat; physical activity) Study designs (of Include: primary studies • Randomized crossover trials included within the • Randomized clinical trials systematic reviews)
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From page 270... ...
270 DIETARY REFERENCE INTAKES FOR ENERGY Outcomes ª Energy balance/imbalance/excess/deficit º Energy intake º Energy expenditure (TEE, REE, BMR, BEE, RMR) º Body weight º BMI • Energy use º Fat/carbohydrate/protein oxidation º Body fat º Body weight • Energy metabolism/metabolic efficiency/metabolic flexibility • Obesity risk º Body weight º BMI º Body fat % º Waist circumference º Visceral fat • Type 2 diabetes mellitus risk º Body weight º BMI º Body fat % º Waist circumference º Visceral fat º Glucose º Insulin º HOMA-IR NOTE: BEE = basal energy expenditure; BMI = body mass index; BMR = basal metabolic rate; HOMA-IR = Homeostatic Model Assessment of Insulin Resistance; REE = resting energy expenditure; RMR = resting metabolic rate.
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