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Pages 413-436

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From page 413...
... Because all but one study used a low-fat, weight-reducing diet, the results are relevant only to this cause of weight loss. Compared Those who developed Study quality Heterogeneity Partially to normal excess weight ranged from assessed.
From page 414...
... overweight/ obese in childhood and Age at baseline adulthood; weight assessment (3) overweight/ < 20 y obese in childhood and normal weight in adulthood
From page 415...
... Risk of Bias Studies Rating Compared Incident and persistent Study quality Heterogeneity Partially to normal overweight/obesity ranged from assessed. or not well weight in are associated with 6 to 8 out of After done/ childhood increased risk of adult 9 (moderate subgroup reported and hypertension.
From page 416...
... overweight/ < 20 y obese in childhood and normal weight in adulthood
From page 417...
... Risk of Bias Studies Rating Compared Incident and persistent -- Heterogeneity Partially to normal overweight/obesity assessed. or not well weight in are associated with After done/ childhood increased risk of adult subgroup reported and CVD.
From page 418...
... 418 DIETARY REFERENCE INTAKES FOR ENERGY TABLE J-12 Continued Predictor or Author, Number of Sample Intervention or Primary Year Studies Characteristics Comparator Outcome Wang et al., 20 38,141 males and Weight loss Diagnosis of 2021 females ≥ 19 y; dementia from United States, Europe, Nigeria, Australia, South Korea Zhang et 15 623,973 males Weight All-cause al., 2019 and females ≥ 19 fluctuation mortality y; from United episodes States, South Korea, Australia, Germany, UK
From page 419...
... among subgroups. Overall HR Weight fluctuation Newcastle Heterogeneity Partially for group might be associated scores assessed well done/ with greatest with an increased risk ranged by meta- reported weight of all-cause mortality.
From page 420...
... 420 DIETARY REFERENCE INTAKES FOR ENERGY TABLE J-12 Continued Predictor or Author, Number of Sample Intervention or Primary Year Studies Characteristics Comparator Outcome Zou et al., 20 341,395 males and Weight All-cause 2019 females ≥ 19 y fluctuation mortality (studies varied in how this was measured) Zou et al., 11 245,109 males and Weight CVD mortality 2019 females ≥ 19 y fluctuation (studies varied in how this was measured)
From page 421...
... RR = 1.36 Relationship between 11 of 11 Heterogeneity Partially (95% CI 1.22, weight fluctuation and studies were NS well done/ 1.52) CVD mortality was high quality reported observed in those with normal weight and overweight but not with obesity or by how weight fluctuation was measured (continuous or categorical)
From page 422...
... TABLE J-13 Evidence on the Association Between BMI and Chronic Disease, Including All-Cause Mortality: Systematic Reviews and Observational Studies BMI Cut Number of Number of Age or Life Point for Author, Year Studies Participants Stage Sex Risk Azizpour et 16 8,397 1–18 y Females ≥ 25.0 and ≥ al., 2018 including and males 30.0 3,577 cases Sharma et al., 52 1,553,683 5–13 y Females ≥ 85th 2019 and males percentile Hidayat et al., 6 13,510 cases Pregnancy Females ≥ 25.0 2019 Xiao et al., 103 1,826,454 Pre- Females ≥ 25.0 2021 including pregnancy 120,696 cases
From page 423...
... Risk of Bias Studies Rating RR = 1.35, Body weight fluctuation Not reported Heterogeneity Partially 95% CI, 1.14, is associated with NS well done/ 1.61 hypertension reported Overall Primary Quantitative Risk of AMSTAR2 Outcome Finding(s) Clinical Interpretation Bias Rating Asthma Overweight Risk for asthma in children p= -- 1.64 (95% CI and adolescents who are 0.312; P 1.13–2.38)
From page 424...
... 424 DIETARY REFERENCE INTAKES FOR ENERGY TABLE J-13 Continued BMI Cut Number of Number of Age or Life Point for Author, Year Studies Participants Stage Sex Risk Ibe and BRFSS 1,168,418 18–64 Females ≥ 25.0 Smith, 2014 (Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System) Jayedi et al., 182 5,585,850, > 18 Females > 20 2022 including and males 228,695 cases Khadra et al., 11 60,118 19–50 Females ≥ 25.0 2019 and males Larsson et al., 47 218,792 > 18 Females ≥ 25.0 2021 and males Yu et al., 2022 82 2,690,000 > 18 Females ≥ 25.0 and males Jayedi et al., 50 2,255,067, > 18 Females > 20 2018 including and males 190,320 cases Zhou et al., 57 830,685, > 18 Females   2018 including and males 125,071 cases Rexrode et Physicians 16,164, 40–84 Males ≥ 27.6 al., 2001 Health including 552 Study cases
From page 425...
... reported 1.24 (1.19– Overweight is associated with 1.28) ; T2DM a 2-fold increased risk and overweight: obesity a 4.5-fold increased 2.24 (1.95– risk for T2DM.
From page 426...
... 426 DIETARY REFERENCE INTAKES FOR ENERGY TABLE J-13 Continued BMI Cut Number of Number of Age or Life Point for Author, Year Studies Participants Stage Sex Risk Kim et al., Framingham 1,882 30–62 Males ≥ 23.8 2000 Heart Study Kim et al., Framingham 2,373 30–62 Females ≥ 27.6 2000 Heart Study Liu et al., 43 4,432,475, > 18 Females > 23.5 2018a including and males 102,466 cases Dugani et al., 16 12,700,000 > 18 Females ≥ 25.0 and ≥ 2021 (18–65) 30.0 and males (18–55)
From page 427...
... Premature Males 1.94 Males in overweight or obese -- -- MI (1.47–2.56) ; BMI categories have almost females 1.28 a 2-fold increased risk for (0.95–1.73)
From page 428...
... 428 DIETARY REFERENCE INTAKES FOR ENERGY TABLE J-13 Continued BMI Cut Number of Number of Age or Life Point for Author, Year Studies Participants Stage Sex Risk Campbell et 14 1,570,000, > 18 Females ≥ 25.0 al., 2016 including and males 2,162 cases Sohn et al., 28 8,135,906 > 18 Females ≥ 25.0 2021 and males Byun et al., 37 1,849,875, ≤ 30 Females 13.2–32.5 2022 including 39,733 cases Byun et al., 10 662,779, ≤ 30 Females 15.3–32.5 2022 including 4,539 cases Byun et al., 6 496,391, ≤ 30 Females 14.6–32.5 2022 including 2,692 cases Fang et al., 325 1,525,052 > 18 Females > 20.0 2018 and males
From page 429...
... Compared with normal -- -- cellular weight BMI, persons with carcinoma overweight, class I obesity, class II obesity, and class III obesity were associated with 21%, 87%, 142%, and 116%, respectively, increased risk of liver cancer. Hepato- 1.69 (1.50–1.90)
From page 430...
... 430 DIETARY REFERENCE INTAKES FOR ENERGY TABLE J-13 Continued BMI Cut Number of Number of Age or Life Point for Author, Year Studies Participants Stage Sex Risk Gao et al., 27 28,784,269, > 18 Females ≥ 25.0 2019 including and males 127,161 cases Gu et al., 2022 52 279,499, > 18 Males ≥ 25.0 including 51,704 cases Hidayat et al., 56 56,744 ≤ 30 Females ≥ 20.0 2018a and males Hidayat et al., 22 7,000,000, > 18 Females ≥ 20.0 2018b including and males 20,000 cases Li et al., 2016 12 5,902 cases > 18 Females ≥ 25.0 and males O'Sullivan et 20 47,692 cases ≤ 50 Females ≥ 30.0 al., 2022 and males
From page 431...
... life (≤ 30 y) BMI is associated with 1.88-fold increased risk for esophageal cancer, 1.31 fold increased risk for liver cancer, 1.17-fold increased risk for pancreatic cancer, 1.59-fold increased risk for gastric cancer, 1.22-fold for kidney cancer, and 1.45-fold increased risk for endometrial cancer.
From page 432...
... 432 DIETARY REFERENCE INTAKES FOR ENERGY TABLE J-13 Continued BMI Cut Number of Number of Age or Life Point for Author, Year Studies Participants Stage Sex Risk Li et al., 2021 6 8,150,473, ≤ 55 Females ≥ 25.0 including and males 11,299 cases Liu et al., 24 8,953,478, > 18 Females > 20 2018b including and males 15,535 cases Youssef et al., 31 24,489,477, > 18 Females < 18.5, ≥ 25.0 2021 including and males 86,097 cases Jiang et al., 9 96,213 ≥ 65 Females > 28 2019 and males Mortensen et 35 1,508,366 > 50 Females < 18.5 al., 2021 and males Jiang et al., 37 320,594 ≥ 65 Females < 23 and 2019 and males > 33.0
From page 433...
... are associated with a early onset 1.47) ; obese 42% increased risk of early 1.88 (1.40–2.54)
From page 434...
... 434 DIETARY REFERENCE INTAKES FOR ENERGY TABLE J-13 Continued BMI Cut Number of Number of Age or Life Point for Author, Year Studies Participants Stage Sex Risk Kitahara et 20 9,564 > 18 Females Class III al., 2014 and males obesity NOTE: AUC = area under the curve; BMI = body mass index; BRFSS = Behavioral Risk Factor Surveillance System; CHD = coronary heart disease; CVD = cardiovascular disease; HTN = hypertension; kg = kilogram; m = meter; MI = myocardial infarction; NAFLD = nonalcoholic fatty liver disease; RR = relative risk; NHL = non-Hodgkin's lymphoma; T1DM = type 1 diabetes mellitus; T2DM = type 2 diabetes mellitus; WC = waist circumference; WHR = waist–hip ratio; y = year. TABLE J-14 Evidence on the Degree of Systematic Bias or Random Error of Energy Intake as Assessed by Self-Report Compared to Doubly Labeled Water Studies: Systematic Reviews Number of Sample Intervention / Primary Author, Year Studies Characteristics Comparator Outcome Burrows et 36 2,834 male and Food record/ EI-TEE al., 2019 female adults, TEE from DLW including pregnant women; not all high-income countries Burrows et 24 3,295 male and 24-hour recall/ EI-TEE al., 2019 female adults, TEE from DLW including pregnant women; not all high-income countries Burrows et 21 2,997 male and FFQ/TEE from EI-TEE al., 2019 female adults, DLW including pregnant women; not all high-income countries Burrows et 5 71 male and female Diet history/ EI-TEE al., 2019 adults, including TEE from DLW pregnant women; not all high-income countries
From page 435...
... a 2.3- to 3.3-fold increased risk for death, those with BMI 50–59 have a 3.5 to 5.9 increased risk for death, and risks are greater for males than for females. Hetero- Overall Quantitative Qualitative geneity of AMSTAR2 Finding(s)
From page 436...
... 436 DIETARY REFERENCE INTAKES FOR ENERGY TABLE J-14 Continued Number of Sample Intervention / Primary Author, Year Studies Characteristics Comparator Outcome Burrows et 5 106 male and FFQ/TEE from EI-TEE al., 2020 female children and DLW adolescents Burrows et 4 66 male and female WFR/TEE from EI-TEE al., 2020 children and DLW adolescents Burrows et 3 108 male and Remote food EI-TEE al., 2020 female children and photography/ adolescents TEE from DLW Burrows et 2 52 male and female 24-hour recall / EI-TEE al., 2020 children and TEE from DLW adolescents Burrows et 1 29 male and female Precoded food EI-TEE al., 2020 children and record/TEE adolescents from DLW Capling et al., 11 109 adolescent and Food record/ EI-TEE 2017 adult male and DLW female athletes; includes pregnant women; not all from high-income countries


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