Dietary Reference Intakes for Energy (2023) / Chapter Skim
Currently Skimming:
4 Factors Affecting Energy Expenditure and Requirements
4 Factors Affecting Energy Expenditure and Requirements
Pages 43-64
The Chapter Skim interface presents what we've algorithmically identified as the most significant single chunk of text within every page in the chapter.
Select key terms on the right to highlight them within pages of the chapter.
From page 43... ...
TEE includes three core components: resting metabolic rate, or resting energy expenditure (REE) ; the thermic effect of food (TEF)
|
From page 44... ...
• Meal Composition • Meal Size Physical Activity Energy Expenditure • Age • Sex • Body Size • Body Composition • Movement Economy • Exercise Training • Genetics FIGURE 4-1 Components of energy expenditure and their determinants. NOTE: EER = estimated energy requirement.
|
From page 45... ...
. Total energy The total daily energy expenditure comprising expenditure resting metabolic rate, thermic effect of food, (TEE)
|
From page 46... ...
A systematic review by Schwartz and Doucet (2010) of 90 studies that included 2,996 participants did not find a significant difference in sex for the reduction in REE that occurs with reducing body mass through intentional weight loss.
|
From page 47... ...
contributes significantly to REE variability in individuals with BMI ≥ 50, both before and after weight loss. A number of systematic reviews examining weight loss show an effect of either adaptive thermogenesis or energy compensation such that REE is reduced more than predicted.
|
From page 48... ...
Periods of underfeeding are typically accompanied by compensatory metabolic responses and losses of FFM during episodes of energy deficit, which generally result in reduced energy expenditure. Taken together, metabolic responses to decreased energy intake and weight loss are part of a complex and dynamic energy balance system in which changes to individual components can lead to interrelated compensatory responses (Casanova et al., 2019)
|
From page 49... ...
The observed differences in REE tended to be attenuated, however, for studies in which REE was adjusted for truncal lean mass, meaning highly metabolically active organ mass, and/or appendicular lean body mass (the sum of the lean muscle mass of the upper and lower extremities adjusted for height) (Byrne et al., 2003; Gallagher et al., 1997, 2006; Hunter et al., 2000; Javed et al., 2010; Jones et al., 2004)
|
From page 50... ...
Attempts to understand the mechanisms responsible for the lower observed REE (and to a lesser extent, TEE) among Blacks compared to Whites in the United States point to regional body composition differences -- meaning highly metabolically active truncal organ mass or low metabolically active appendicular skeletal muscle mass -- as one potential explanation (Gallagher et al., 1997)
|
From page 51... ...
Further evidence from a study of active females suggests that consumption of a meal in combination with a short period of moderate to vigorous physical activity (MVPA) results in a greater total energy expenditure than similar activity performed in a fasted state (Binns et al., 2015)
|
From page 52... ...
The variability in how DIT is measured and the complex interaction of human behaviors including physical activity makes it difficult to estimate DIT accurately and compare results across studies. Physical Activity Level Physical activity is the most variable energy component.
|
From page 53... ...
(2011) conducted a systematic review of literature on tracking physical activity and dietary intake from childhood to adulthood.
|
From page 54... ...
OTHER CONSIDERATIONS Carbohydrate Restriction There has been great interest in understanding the effect of a restricted carbohydrate diet on TEE to explain the heterogeneity found in weight loss clinical trials. The rationale for examining this relationship is the hypothesis that with moderate restriction of carbohydrate over a longer period of time, a shift in the metabolic pathway can occur from carbohydrate oxidation to fat oxidation without bringing on a ketosis condition, thereby subsequently reducing TEE through several mechanisms including a reduction in voluntary physical activity energy expenditure.
|
From page 55... ...
. For lactation, a systematic review that examined volumes and the energy content of breast milk showed a weighted mean milk transfer of 779 g/day at 3 to 4 months, 826 g/day at 5 to 6 months, and 894 g/day at 6 months.
|
From page 56... ...
Evidence reviewed confirmed that the potential impact of sex on REE is related to differences in body mass and composition. The committee found systematic review evidence was lacking on the influence of Class III or morbid obesity on REE.
|
From page 57... ...
Activity energy expenditure and total daily energy expenditure were shown to differ between indi viduals with and without obesity in terms of absolute levels, but differ ences disappeared after adjusting for FFM and body weight. Systematic review evidence on the influence of movement economy and motor coordination, particularly in persons with obesity, remains lacking.
|
From page 58... ...
rapid weight loss on body composition and RMR: A systematic review and meta-analysis. British Journal of Nutrition 124(11)
|
From page 59... ...
2006. Best practice methods to apply to measurement of resting metabolic rate in adults: A systematic review.
|
From page 60... ...
2005. Comparison of predictive equations for resting metabolic rate in healthy nonobese and obese adults: A systematic review.
|
From page 61... ...
2012. Resting energy expenditure of morbidly obese patients using indirect calorimetry: A systematic review.
|
From page 62... ...
2016. The energy content and composition of meals consumed after an overnight fast and their effects on diet induced thermogenesis: A systematic review, meta-analyses and meta-regressions.
|
From page 63... ...
2012. Greater than predicted decrease in resting energy expenditure and weight loss: Results from a systematic review.
|
From page 64... ...
2010. Specific metabolic rates of major organs and tissues across adulthood: Evaluation by mechanistic model of resting energy expenditure.
|
Key Terms
This material may be derived from roughly machine-read images, and so is provided only to facilitate research.
More
information on Chapter Skim is available.