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From page 55... ... . Four individual studies on the energy costs of lactation have been conducted since the systematic review mentioned above (see Appendix J for details) Read the entire page →
From page 56... ... Also lacking was systematic review evidence on the influence of the gut microbiome and organ tissue energy expenditure to explain the variability in REE among individuals. he committee finds that data stratified by prepregnancy BMI are lack T ing, especially for women with overweight and obesity. Read the entire page →
From page 57... ... Activity energy expenditure and total daily energy expenditure were shown to differ between indi viduals with and without obesity in terms of absolute levels, but differ ences disappeared after adjusting for FFM and body weight. Systematic review evidence on the influence of movement economy and motor coordination, particularly in persons with obesity, remains lacking. Read the entire page →
From page 58... ... rapid weight loss on body composition and RMR: A systematic review and meta-analysis. British Journal of Nutrition 124(11) Read the entire page →
From page 59... ... 2015. Predicting adult weight change in the real world: A systematic review and meta-analysis accounting for compensatory changes in energy intake or expenditure. Read the entire page →
From page 60... ... 2006. Small organs with a high metabolic rate explain lower resting energy expenditure in African American than in white adults. Read the entire page →
From page 61... ... 2012. Resting energy expenditure of morbidly obese patients using indirect calorimetry: A systematic review. Read the entire page →
From page 62... ... American Journal of Clinical Nutrition 109(3) Read the entire page →
From page 63... ... 2012. Greater than predicted decrease in resting energy expenditure and weight loss: Results from a systematic review. Read the entire page →
From page 64... ... 2000. Energy expenditure and free-living physical activity in black and white women: Comparison before and after weight loss. Read the entire page →
From page 65... ... Further, the committee identified additional data from systematic reviews and the broader peer-reviewed published literature on evidence to determine the energy cost of growth across selected life stages (childhood, adolescence, pregnancy, and lactation) Read the entire page →
From page 66... ... . The factorial method involves summing the energy costs of occupational activities, nonoccupational activities, and sleeping to equal total energy expenditure (WHO, 1985) Read the entire page →
From page 67... ... The DLW method provides an objective measurement of TEE integrated over days, if not weeks, and in combination with basal metabolism measured using indirect calorimetry, it allows for the objective measurement of energy expended in physical activity. As illustrated in Chapter 4 (Figure 4-1) Read the entire page →
From page 68... ... For a lactating woman, the energy cost of milk production is approximately 15 to 20 percent of TEE, depending on the amount of milk volume and milk energy content. In contrast, among infants under 1 year of age, ECG could be as high as 32 percent of TEE. Read the entire page →
From page 69... ... The IAEA DLW Database has an informal management group that approves requests for data acquisition.2 The National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine (National Academies) consultants (Indiana University School of Public Health-Bloomington) Read the entire page →
From page 70... ... • Athletes such as soccer players, rugby players, and jockeys were excluded from analysis because their extremely high physical activity levels (PAL greater than 2.5) do not reflect a sustainable metabolic rate (Black et al., 1996; Westerterp, 2001) Read the entire page →
From page 71... ... Requested variables included age, sex, starting weight, height, BMI, ethnicity, final weight, lean body mass, physical activity, smoking status, and health status. See Appendix H, Box, H-1 for the full list of requested data sets and variables. Read the entire page →
From page 72... ... . Approximately 50 percent of the measurements among lactating women were made between TABLE 5-1 Distribution of Observations by Life Stage and DLW Database IOM, Life Stages IAEA SOLNAS 2002/2005 CNRC Totals Infants, 0–11 months 378 0 177 0 555 Children, 1–8 years 432 0 689 0 1,121 Children, 9–18 years 425 0 279 0 704 Adults, 19+ years 4,309 380 767 0 5,456 Pregnant/lactating/ 173 0 371 220 764 NPNL women Totals 5717 380 2,283 220 8,600 NOTES: IAEA = International Atomic Energy Agency; SOLNAS = Study of Latinos: Nutrition and Physical Activity Assessment Study; IOM = Institute of Medicine; CNRC = Children's Nutrition Research Center at Baylor College of Medicine; NPNL = nonpregnant nonlactating women who were included in the studies of pregnant or lactating women. Read the entire page →
From page 73... ... (225) 354 2,364 582 NOTE: BMR = basal metabolic rate; cm = centimeter; d = day; mo = months; kcal = kilocalorie; kg = kilogram; n = sample size; NPNL = nonpregnant nonlactating; SD = standard deviation; TEE = total energy expenditure; y = years. Read the entire page →
From page 74... ... An integral and highly variable component of TEE, and therefore of TEE prediction equations, is energy expended in physical activity. The original EERs (IOM, 2002/2005) Read the entire page →
From page 75... ... In the combined DLW database, BMR was missing for more than 50 percent of the observations. Thus, two methods were used to account for missingness: use of prediction equations and multiple imputation. Read the entire page →
From page 76... ... . STATISTICAL MODELING: DEVELOPMENT OF TEE PREDICTION EQUATIONS Prediction equations were developed fitting general linear models on TEE based on sex, age, weight, height, and PAL category, or, alternatively, based on sex, age, height, body composition variables (FFM and FM) Read the entire page →
From page 77... ... Among infants, 59.5 percent of observations were missing race/ethnicity; among children, 75.4 percent; among adolescents, 52.3 percent; and among adults, 21.8 percent. Model Performance: Model Fit Model fit was evaluated for the TEE prediction equations (allincluded, sensitivity, normal weight BMI, overweight/obesity BMI, FFM/ FM) Read the entire page →
From page 78... ... This curvilinear pattern motivated the age strata used to develop the TEE prediction equations. Within the specific strata, TEE clearly increased across the BMI categories, as seen in adults in Figure 5-2. Read the entire page →
From page 79... ... NOTES: BMI = body mass index; kg = kilogram; m = meter; TEE = total energy expenditure. Some categories do not have both upper and lower limits. Read the entire page →
From page 80... ... PAL categories were not incorporated into the prediction equations for infants and children 0 to 2.99 years because of their limited range of physical activity. For age groups 3 to 8.99 years, 9 to 13.99 years, and 14 to 18.99 years, the committee opted to use percentiles (25, 50, and 75) Read the entire page →
From page 81... ... category (normal BMI or overweight/obese BMI) by life stage. Read the entire page →
From page 82... ... Categories Defined for Inactive, Low Active, Active, and Very Active Levels for Age Groups 3–8.99 Years, 9–13.99 Years, 14–18.99 Years, and 19 Years and Over Age Group (years) PAL Category PAL Range 3–8.99 Inactive 1.0 ≤ PAL <1.31 Low active 1.31 ≤ PAL < 1.44 Active 1.44 ≤ PAL < 1.59 Very active 1.59 ≤ PAL < 2.50 9–13.99 Inactive 1.00 ≤ PAL < 1.44 Low active 1.44 ≤ PAL < 1.59 Active 1.59 ≤ PAL < 1.77 Very active 1.77 ≤ PAL < 2.50 14–18.99 Inactive 1.00 ≤ PAL < 1.56 Low active 1.56 ≤ PAL < 1.73 Active 1.73 ≤ PAL < 1.92 Very active 1.92 ≤ PAL < 2.50 19 and over Inactive 1.00 ≤ PAL < 1.53 Low active 1.53 ≤ PAL < 1.68 Active 1.68 ≤ PAL < 1.85 Very active 1.85 ≤ PAL < 2.50 Read the entire page →
From page 83... ... Because of the limited range of physical activity in this youngest age group, TEE is not partitioned by PAL category. Sex-specific TEE prediction equations using age, height, and weight for each PAL category are also shown by life-stage group in Table 5-5. Read the entire page →
From page 84... ... Low active TEE = 575.77 – (7.01 × age) + (6.60 × height) Read the entire page →
From page 85... ... R2 = R squared; R2 adj = adjusted R squared; R2 shr = shrunken R squared; RMSE = root mean squared error; MAPE = mean absolute percentage error; MAE = mean absolute error. RMSE is the same as standard error of the estimate (SEE) Read the entire page →
From page 86... ... . The summary statistics, including sample sizes, R2, adjusted R2, shrunken R2, MSE, Pearson correlation r for predicted TEE versus observed TEE, MAPE, and MAE, are shown in Table 5-6 for the general TEE prediction equation based on weight and height/length and including all data within each strata. Read the entire page →
From page 87... ... Bland-Altman Plots Bland-Altman plots of the predicted TEE versus observed TEE are displayed in Figure 5-5 for the general TEE prediction equations. On the x-axis is the mean of TEE observed and TEE predicted for each data point, and on the y-axis is the difference of TEE observed minus TEE predicted. Read the entire page →
From page 88... ... 88 DIETARY REFERENCE INTAKES FOR ENERGY FIGURE 5-5 Bland-Altman plots of predicted TEE versus observed TEE (kcal/d) for the general TEE prediction equations. Read the entire page →
From page 89... ... The predicted values can then be visually compared between models. Prediction Error The prediction errors for each of the TEE prediction equations are shown as the standard error (SE) Read the entire page →
From page 90... ... Details of the literature search, a summary of the DLW data extraction, and summary statistics for the included cohorts are found in Appendix I and Supplemental Appendix U The parameter estimates from the TEE equations developed on the combined DLW data set were used to calculate the "average participant's" TEE, based on sex, age, height, weight, and PAL category, for each validation cohort. Read the entire page →
From page 91... ... . NOTE: A = active; LA = low active; I = inactive; VA = very active; TEE = total energy expenditure; PALCAT = physical activity level category. Read the entire page →
From page 92... ... . NOTES: A = active; LA = low active; I = inactive; VA = very active; TEE = total energy expenditure; PALCAT = physical activity level category. Read the entire page →

From page 55...

... . Four individual studies on the energy costs of lactation have been conducted since the systematic review mentioned above (see Appendix J for details)