An Updated Measure of Poverty (Re)Drawing the Line (2023) / Chapter Skim
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Pages 102-122
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From page 102... ...
(2020) HOUSING TENURE Current SPM: Required to determine Current SPM: required to determine applicable applicable poverty threshold and subsidies poverty threshold and subsidies (renters)
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From page 103... ...
TAXES/TAX CREDITS Calculated by Census Bureau tax model Calculated by National Bureau of Economic Research's TAXSIM model Stimulus payments Receipt only; requires amount imputation NO; requires imputation (receipt and amount; (relevant for 2020–2021 only) relevant for 2020–2021 only)
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From page 104... ...
in school, disabled EXPENSE DEDUCTION Education/disability status; Education and disability status ascertained; Education and disability ascertained; requires childcare costs requires expanded childcare cost questions childcare cost questions HEALTH INSURANCE Required to determine applicable poverty Required to determine applicable poverty COVERAGE threshold; caps for MOOP costs/subsidies threshold; caps for MOOP costs/subsidies Type of health Insurance YES; current coverage by: Medicare; YES; current coverage by: current/former Medicaid; state Medicaid; VA; job (private employer/union; privately purchased; Medicare; employer, government, military) ; privately Medicaid; TRICARE; VA; Indian Health purchased; parent or spouse; Medicare Service; other plan supplements; exchange; group; school; months of coverage Health insurance premium Asks whether premium subsidized; requires Asks whether premium subsidized; requires subsidized by government/ imputation (amount)
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project: Research on the use of administrative records to improve income and resource estimates. United States Census Bureau SEHDS Working Paper No.
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SEHSD Working Paper 2010-17. United States Census Bureau, Social, Economic, and Housing Division.
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From page 107... ...
United States Department of Commerce, United States. United States Census Bureau, Current Population Reports No.
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From page 108... ...
Poverty Measurement Working Paper. United States Census Bureau.
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From page 109... ...
Current Population Report. United States Census Bureau.
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. Geographic adjustments of Supplemental Poverty Measure thresholds: Use the American Community survey five-year data on housing costs.
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to evaluate poverty measurement. United States Census Bureau Working Paper No.
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United States Census Bureau Supplemental Poverty Measure Working Papers. https://www.census.gov/library/working-papers/2016/ demo/wheaton-stevens-2016.html Wheaton, L., Wemmerus, N., and Godfrey, T
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From page 113... ...
The table documents the changes that were made since the first SPM poverty rates were released in 2011, which were implemented for estimates released beginning in 2021.
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From page 114... ...
Census Bureau (annually) : Consumer Income P-60 Publication Series and Poverty Thresholds Component Current Definition Commentary Changes Since Inception Unit for which Family: Two or more people related by blood, Does not recognize increase in cohabitation None Poverty Measured marriage, or adoption living in same household or sharing of household costs among Unrelated Individual: Person living alone or with unrelated people.
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From page 115... ...
programs or nondiscretionary expenses Child Support and Alimony (for custodial parent) Private Disability and Retirement Cash Transfers: AFDC/TANF Social Security Retirement/Disability SSI Unemployment Insurance Veterans Payments, Workers Compensation Treatment of Medical Thresholds implicitly include small amount for OPM ignores expansion of medical care None Care Costs/Benefits medical out-of-pocket spending; resources ignore benefits/costs since the 1960s medical care benefits/costs Treatment of Taxes Thresholds are after taxes (except for property and OPM ignores major changes in tax programs None sales taxes implicitly included in the multiplier)
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From page 116... ...
and interviewing selected sample households from the preceding November CPS sample during the February–April period Data Quality CPS-ASEC obtains high unit response rates but Concerns about income data quality are major Percent income imputed and net much lower rates for income items (40% of income drawback of OPM (and any poverty measure underreporting have increased over time imputed) ; exhibits underreporting of many income based on CPS-ASEC)
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From page 117... ...
, Supplemental Poverty Measure; Bureau of Labor Statistics website, Experimental Poverty Measures Original Differences Thresholds/Threshold Adjustments: Originally, expenditures for all families with 2 children instead of 2 adults and 2 children (although latter still the from National reference unit) ; revised 3-parameter (instead of 2-parameter)
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From page 118... ...
For (SNAP implicitly included in food for estimating thresholds is similar to the SPM 2019, the SPM threshold was only 24% greater expenditures) definition for assessing poverty status than the converted OPM threshold • Move telephone expenditures out of References: Heisz (2019)
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From page 119... ...
0.65-0.75; need became apparent for method 30th–36th percentile expenditures for each group to account for lower housing expenses of Geographic price differences: ACS used to adjust homeowners without a mortgage thresholds for housing costs across geographic References: areas -- specifically, 5-year ACS median gross rent Family composition: Betson (1996) ; Social for 2-bedroom units with complete kitchen and Metrics Commission (2020)
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From page 120... ...
Child support paid by noncustodial parent Treatment of Medical Consistent Treatment: Re OPM: SPM captures effects of medical None Care Costs/Benefits Thresholds do not include medical care expenditures care policy changes that reduce (increase) Resources subtract health insurance premiums and MOOP spending, but does not explicitly value other MOOP costs (copays, deductibles, other)
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From page 121... ...
using ACS and 1967: Social Security, interest, dividends, state/city administrative records and rent asked separately 1968: Interest, dividends, rents, royalties combined; public assistance, unemployment/ workers' compensation asked separately 1975: SSI, AFDC, general assistance, private/government pension income asked separately 1980: 51 sources of income separately identified as to receipt including numerous noncash benefits (e.g., food stamps, housing assistance) ; up to 27 amounts could be recorded 2000: Whether paid for work-related childcare added 2010: MOOP costs added (premiums, other OOP)
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From page 122... ...
; ACS and SIPP after imputation (which itself can create error) of have similar quality problems amounts for respondents reporting receipt; problem of misleadingly low or negative incomes; CE data also problematic aAbbreviations used in table: ACA, Affordable Care Act; ACS, American Community Survey; AFDC/TANF, Aid to Families with Dependent Children/Temporary Assistance for Needy Families; BLS, Bureau of Labor Statistics; CE, Consumer Expenditure Survey; CPI-U, Consumer Price Index for All Urban Consumers; CU, consumer unit; FCSU, food, clothing, shelter, utilities; FCSUti, food, clothing, shelter, utilities, telephone, internet; LIHEAP, Low Income Home Energy Assistance Program; MOOP, medical out-of-pocket; MSA, Metropolitan Statistical Area; NSLP, National School Lunch Program; OPM, Official Poverty Measure; SSDI, Social Security Disability Insurance; SSI, Supplemental Security Income; SNAP, Supplemental Nutrition Assistance Program; WIC, Special Supplemental Nutrition Program for Women, Infants, and Children.
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