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1 Introduction
Pages 1-10

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From page 1...
... created its Policy on Evaluating Health Risks to Children, which directed it to explicitly and consistently take into account environmental health risks to infants and children in all risk characterizations and public health standards set for the United States (EPA, 1995)
From page 2...
... and provided explicit and dedicated resources to protect children from environmental hazards. OCHP directs and collaborates with other agency offices to ensure that the EPA actions consider the heightened risks faced by children, identify research gaps, and promote health outreach efforts (Firestone et al., 2007, 2016)
From page 3...
... The EPA's role in protecting children's health includes implementing environmental laws, setting standards that protect public health, and advancing and funding research that can develop the science on which the EPA's policies and regulations are based. The EPA's strategic plan sets a crosscutting goal of recognizing vulnerabilities to environmental exposures and strengthening its commitment to protecting human health (EPA, 2022b)
From page 4...
... . Climate change has significant ecologic consequences: wildfires, drought, more frequent violent storms, melting glaciers, sea surface rise, coastal flooding, and expanded ranges and 2 Thissection is based on a presentation by Philip Landrigan, professor, Boston College.
From page 5...
... At the national level, organizations such as the Physicians for Social Responsibility and the American Academy of Pediatrics could help promote national policies by urging legislative or regulatory agencies that incentivize the use of renewable energy, building out the power grid, and ending federal subsidies and tax breaks for the fossil fuel industry. Locallevel actions that could improve children's health include closing fossil fuel–fired power plants, blocking the construction of gas and oil pipelines, forbidding the use of natural gas heat and appliances in new construction, providing tax breaks and subsidies for wind and solar, requiring operators of electric power grids to favor renewable energy, converting state and city vehicle fleets to hybrid or all-electric, expanding and enhancing rapid transit, and building regional high-speed, electric rail systems.
From page 6...
... . Research suggestions to address air pollution include identifying and quantifying emissions from sources at the state and local levels for both particulate matter and toxics.
From page 7...
... FIGURE 1-2 Cumulative plastic production since 1960 (calculated as the sum of annual global polymer resin, synthetic fiber, and plastic additive production)
From page 8...
... Finally, Landrigan emphasized the need to continue developing high-speed, multi-chemical analyses to measure human exposure to chemicals and high-throughput toxicological studies to allow for a quicker understanding of chemical toxicities. Landrigan suggested that environmentalists push for a more precautionary approach to chemical policy.
From page 9...
... As lead use in gasoline declined, blood lead levels also declined, and the prevalence of childhood lead poisoning plummeted." Pollution prevention is highly cost-effective due to saving lives, preventing disease, and reducing health care costs. Every dollar invested since 1970 in air pollution control has yielded an estimated economic return of $30 (EPA, 2011a)
From page 10...
... . Session 5 included case examples of science informing policy, and Session 6 discussed balancing prevention and uncertainty (Chapter 5)


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