The National Academies Press

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Pages 79-98

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From page 79... ... While financial incentives have been shown to be effective for many behaviors, particularly one-off behaviors where procrastination is a key barrier, there is less evidence that they can lead to sustained behavior change after the incentive is removed or can boost motivation for behaviors with which a person has considerable experience or strong preferences (Mantzari et al., 2015; Thirumurthy, Asch, & Volpp, 2019; Luong et al., 2021) Read the entire page →
From page 80... ... Reference dependence implies that policy designers can guide choices by creating or highlighting a specific reference group, drawing attention to a temporal reference point, or using framing to prompt a comparison to a reference point. In addition to the strategy of choice sets discussed above, three other strategies are especially relevant to reference dependence: framing, foot in the door, and fresh start effects. Read the entire page →
From page 81... ... . Fresh Start Effects The fresh start effect is the tendency to be more motivated to set or achieve goals related to key personal or cultural milestones, such as birthdays; holidays; or the start of a new year, month, or week (Dai, Milkman, & Riis, 2014) Read the entire page →
From page 82... ... and people's perceptions of their social standing. Four intervention strategies are particularly relevant for taking advantage of social preferences and social norms: social proof, social comparison, social influence, and reciprocity and altruism. Read the entire page →
From page 83... ... Traditional economic models assume self-interest, but studies of human behavior suggest that people feel motivated and rewarded when they reciprocate and act altruistically. While many laboratory experiments have successfully used altruism appeals to increase prosocial behavioral intentions (e.g., to get vaccinated) Read the entire page →
From page 84... ... . Effect of patient financial incen tives on statin adherence and lipid control: A randomized clinical trial. Read the entire page →
From page 85... ... A field experiment on motivating citi zen behavior change. Journal of Behavioral Public Administration, 4(1) Read the entire page →
From page 86... ... American Economic Review, 107(5) Read the entire page →
From page 87... ... . The impact of financial incentives on physical activity: A systematic review and meta-analysis. Read the entire page →
From page 88... ... . Patient choice in opt-in, active choice, and opt-out HIV screening: Randomized clinical trial. Read the entire page →
From page 89... ... . Effectiveness of planning prompts on organiza tions' likelihood to file their overdue taxes: A multi‐wave field experiment. Read the entire page →
From page 90... ... . Impact of implementation intentions on physical activity practice in adults: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials. Read the entire page →
From page 91... ... . Planning prompts increase and forecast course completion in massive open online courses. Read the entire page →
From page 93... ... Part II Evidence from Selected Policy Domains Read the entire page →
From page 95... ... Health researchers have been designing and testing interventions grounded in core behavioral economics principles to encourage positive outcomes for individuals and patients and support provider decision making for more than 20 years. A wide range of behavioral ideas have been tested in varied settings. Read the entire page →
From page 96... ... A 2019 meta-analysis reviewed the long-term effectiveness of financial incentives on smoking cessation, identifying 33 mixedpopulation, randomized controlled trials (Notley et al., 2019) Read the entire page →
From page 97... ... . One approach to improving medication adherence is to change some of the underlying defaults to make it easier for patients to follow their physician's instructions. Read the entire page →
From page 98... ... A review of 15 randomized and six nonrandomized studies showed that behaviorally informed financial incentive interventions (in this case, ones that have been framed to address behavioral reasons people fail to adhere) significantly improved medication adherence. Read the entire page →

From page 79...

... While financial incentives have been shown to be effective for many behaviors, particularly one-off behaviors where procrastination is a key barrier, there is less evidence that they can lead to sustained behavior change after the incentive is removed or can boost motivation for behaviors with which a person has considerable experience or strong preferences (Mantzari et al., 2015; Thirumurthy, Asch, & Volpp, 2019; Luong et al., 2021)