Strengthening Equitable Community Resilience Criteria and Guiding Principles for the Gulf Research Program's Enhancing Community Resilience (EnCoRe) Initiative (2023) / Chapter Skim
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2 Contexts and Frameworks for Community Resilience
2 Contexts and Frameworks for Community Resilience
Pages 12-29
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From page 12... ...
. That report summarizes "the existing portfolio of resilience measurement efforts…describes how some communities build and measure resilience...and offers four key actions that communities could take to build and measure their resilience in order to address gaps identified in current community resilience measurement efforts" (NASEM, 2019, p.
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From page 13... ...
Rather, the charge of the present study is to develop a set of guiding principles and to identify criteria for GRP to utilize in selecting the participating communities for the EnCoRe initiative, and to discuss the potential challenges, opportunities, and key considerations of applying these selection criteria. In addition to the recommendations in this report, the EnCoRe initiative will utilize two frameworks for examining community challenges and promoting solutions that influence the health and resilience of individuals and communities: the six community capitals of resilience and the social determinants of health.
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The following section introduces two additional bodies of knowledge that further guided the study process and the committees' recommendations to the EnCoRe initiative. FRAMEWORKS FOR UNDERSTANDING AND ADVANCING COMMUNITY RESILIENCE Two interrelated bodies of knowledge broadly informed the committee's recommendations and shaped the guiding principles and criteria for EnCoRe community selection.
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. Several times, experts who spoke with the committee raised the issue of resilience fatigue, and the committee discussed how the EnCoRe initiative can avoid adding to the burden of resilience fatigue when engaging with potential partners.
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initiative should adopt an updated and reimagined concept for community resilience in its selection of communities and formation of partnerships. This reimagined concept should recognize disparities among communities in their baseline resilience capacities; recognize systemic issues that affect capacities; develop holistic approaches to building resilience that take account of persistent environmental, mental, and public health burdens that some communities face; and monitor and address resilience fatigue where it might arise.
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notes the mainstream emphasis on defining resilience in reference to hazards and calls out the lack of attention in the broader community resilience literature to how preexisting systemic issues are determining factors in whether a community can pursue resilience-building interventions. Ignoring the social vulnerabilities -- preexisting roles of social inequality, power, and unequal resource distribution and access -- that shape the predisaster capacity of communities, alongside more mainstream considerations of vulnerability to hazards produces an "equity gap" in the resilience literature (Matin et al., 2018; see also Cote and Nightingale, 2011; Cretney, 2014; Hornborg 2013)
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In contrast, the psychology strand views resilience as a function of infrastructure, agency, self-organization, collaborative governance, and social networks. This latter approach highlights the importance of identifying and developing community strengths with devoted attention to people–place connections, a position often lost in the existing socioecological literature on resilience.
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, despite widespread use of the concept by practitioners and academics. This idiomatic context within which resilience thinking finds itself has resulted in "resilience fatigue" in some communities -- the feeling of exhaustion by people and communities that comes after a prolonged period of having to stay motivated and positive under challenging contexts, and from repeated demands to just "be resilient" (Butko, 2020; Janin, 2022; Mowe, 2017)
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, which recommended that GRP establish the EnCoRe initiative, also recommends utilizing community participation and engagement from the outset of resilience building and measurement efforts. One approach to developing resilience metrics may entail working with communities to break down the concept of resilience into constituent parts, revealing a first-level set of categories from 20
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Based on this literature and these examples, the committee considered several guiding principles for its core recommendations to EnCoRe (Chapter 4) that could help alleviate or avoid adding to resilience fatigue in the communities with which it engages.
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Participatory Action Research and Practice: A Proposed Central Principle for the EnCoRe Initiative Finding 2.2: Using Participatory Approaches to Strengthen Community Engagement and Sustainable Capacity Building The value of participatory approaches to community engagement. Participatory approaches to applied research in which those most directly impacted by the research become active participants in the process are increasingly being utilized across a range of domains.
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. Given EnCoRe's mission of pursuing a long-term, multi-year, community engagement project that will partner directly with select communities across the Gulf states and Alaska, the focus here is on the collaborative and collegial end of the engagement continuum, including Indigenous research approaches, in which community needs, expertise, and knowledge are central to the research and related on-the-ground actions.
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, which has as an explicit goal of social change that is informed and driven by those most affected by the problem at hand. Participatory research approaches are used in several health and science fields.
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. Participatory research approaches are a newer addition to the biophysical sciences and are to some extent driven by climate change adaptation and other environmental research in which the links between biophysical and social processes and impacts make the integration of biosocioecological systems crucial (Lemos and Morehouse, 2005; Meadow et al., 2015; Pohl et al., 2017; van Buuren et al., 2014)
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An important part of keeping the focus on effective solutions is using an iterative process of action and reflection in which, before they take action, project team members and community members propose and plan actions based on a combination of research and experience; they then observe and reflect upon the results in order to improve subsequent actions and achieve the desired solutions. This process is often called the action research cycle (Reason and Bradbury, 2008)
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Utilizing a PARP approach ensures that project outcomes are designed to benefit the community and address their needs; and project activities are designed to provide community benefits, such as through cultural activities or other 2 The CARE principles are "a guide for data producers, stewards, and publishers to affirm Indigenous rights to selfdetermination through CARE Full data practices that will ultimately address complex issues related to privacy, future use, and collective interests, and increase the value of data for reuse" (Carroll et al., 2020, p.
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Outside experts can identify ways to use their expertise to support community goals beyond direct project activities, such as by offering technical expertise for community grant writing and providing additional technical expertise to further other community activities -- for example, by contributing curriculum for education programs, designing a website for a community group, or providing additional research to shed light on community questions or history (Lomawaima, 2000)
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community knowledge knowledge as a community data community engagement in valid form of through CARE partners and future projects. expertise, principles (Collective knowledge in alongside the benefit, Authority to project outputs, expertise of control, including outside entities, Responsibility, and publications.
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