Pollinator Habitat Conservation Along Roadways, Volume 2: California (2023) / Chapter Skim
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3-1 Chapter 3 Imperiled Pollinator Profiles California is home to a diverse assemblage of pollinators. In this region, there are 20 pollinator species listed under the federal Endangered Species Act (ESA)
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Chapter 3. Imperiled Pollinator Profiles 3-2 or as movement corridors. Therefore, it is worthwhile to invest in high-quality habitat restoration projects along roadsides near natural areas, preserves, and populations of imperiled species.
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Chapter 3. Imperiled Pollinator Profiles 3-3 Scientific Name Common Name Status# Declining Pollinator Species Bombus crotchii Crotch's bumble bee G2 Bombus fervidus Yellow bumble bee G3G4 Bombus occidentalis* western bumble bee G3 Bombus pensylvanicus*
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From page 30... ...
Chapter 3. Imperiled Pollinator Profiles 3-4 3.1 Lange's Metalmark Butterfly (Apodemia mormo langei) Jan Feb Mar April May June July Aug Sept Oct Nov Dec Adult Larvae Adult Lange's metalmark butterfly (top left)
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Chapter 3. Imperiled Pollinator Profiles 3-5 Top reasons for decline, if known: Historical habitat loss from industrial and agricultural development, as well as upstream hydrological changes; habitat degradation from invasive plants, pollution, and illegal recreational use of habitat. General conservation recommendations: This subspecies is highly endangered and is now only known to occur at one site.
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Chapter 3. Imperiled Pollinator Profiles 3-6 3.2 Franklin's Bumble Bee (Bombus franklini) Jan Feb Mar April May June July Aug Sept Oct Nov Dec Adult Adult Franklin's bumble bee (top left)
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Chapter 3. Imperiled Pollinator Profiles 3-7 food resources as well as maintaining and protecting the colony throughout the spring, summer, and fall. Male bees, whose only purpose is to mate with newly reared queens, emerge in late summer or early fall.
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Chapter 3. Imperiled Pollinator Profiles 3-8 Species Name by Bloom Period Common Name Notes Mid Asclepias speciosa Showy milkweed Pink; perennial Lupinus formosus Summer lupine White/blue/purple; perennial Monarda punctata Spotted bee balm White/purple/pink; perennial Rosa woodsii Western wild rose Pink; perennial Late Cirsium occidentale Cobwebby thistle White/pink/red; biennial Helianthus nuttallii Nuttall's sunflower Yellow; perennial Solidago velutina California/threenerve goldenrod Yellow; perennial Symphyotrichum chilense California aster White/purple; perennial 3.2.1 References Hatfield, R., S Jepsen, E
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Chapter 3. Imperiled Pollinator Profiles 3-9 3.3 San Bruno Elfin Butterfly (Callophrys mossii bayensis) Jan Feb Mar April May June July Aug Sept Oct Nov Dec Adult Larvae Adult San Bruno elfin butterfly (top left)
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Chapter 3. Imperiled Pollinator Profiles 3-10 host plant is found in areas with shallow soils between 275 and 325 meters in elevation. They use nectar plants with small inflorescences that occur near host plants.
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Chapter 3. Imperiled Pollinator Profiles 3-11 3.4 Monarch Butterfly (Danaus plexippus) Jan Feb Mar April May June July Aug Sept Oct Nov Dec Breeding habitat Adult Larvae Overwintering habitat Adult Larvae Adult monarch (top left)
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Chapter 3. Imperiled Pollinator Profiles 3-12 Life cycle: Western monarchs generally breed west of the Rocky Mountains and overwinter along the Pacific coast. However, there is some mixing between the western and eastern populations (which breed east of the Rocky Mountains and overwinter in central Mexico)
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Chapter 3. Imperiled Pollinator Profiles 3-13 Table 3-5. Plants used by western monarch butterfly.
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Chapter 3. Imperiled Pollinator Profiles 3-14 Taken from handout created by Monarch Joint Venture and The Xerces Society: https://monarchjointventure.org/images/uploads/documents/MowingForMonarchsUpdated.pdf. Figure 3-1. Management timing windows for monarchs in the United States.
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Chapter 3. Imperiled Pollinator Profiles 3-15 2018-05/16-015_01_XercesSoc_State-of-Monarch-Overwintering-Sites-inCalifornia_web.pdf. Pelton, E
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Chapter 3. Imperiled Pollinator Profiles 3-16 3.5 Valley Elderberry Longhorn Beetle (Desmocerus californicus dimorphus) Jan Feb Mar April May June July Aug Sept Oct Nov Dec Adult Adult valley elderberry longhorn beetle (top left)
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Chapter 3. Imperiled Pollinator Profiles 3-17 Top reasons for decline, if known: Habitat loss and degradation. Invasive species and pesticide use may also contribute to this species' decline.
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Chapter 3. Imperiled Pollinator Profiles 3-18 U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service.
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Chapter 3. Imperiled Pollinator Profiles 3-19 buried in the sand or in leaf litter at the base of the host plant. Adults are sedentary and do not move far from host plants.
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Chapter 3. Imperiled Pollinator Profiles 3-20 3.7 Smith's Blue Butterfly (Euphilotes enoptes smithi) Jan Feb Mar April May June July Aug Sept Oct Nov Dec Adult Larvae Adult Smith's blue butterfly (top left)
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Chapter 3. Imperiled Pollinator Profiles 3-21 latifolium) require natural disturbances such as fire and erosion to persist.
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Chapter 3. Imperiled Pollinator Profiles 3-22 3.8 Bay Checkerspot Butterfly (Euphydryas editha bayensis) Jan Feb Mar April May June July Aug Sept Oct Nov Dec Adult Larvae Adult Bay checkerspot butterfly (top left)
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Chapter 3. Imperiled Pollinator Profiles 3-23 grasses is facilitated by nitrogen deposition and removal of grazing. Climate change can lead to disruption of phenological synchrony between the butterfly and hostplants, but is ameliorated by topographic diversity.
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Chapter 3. Imperiled Pollinator Profiles 3-24 Murphy, D
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Chapter 3. Imperiled Pollinator Profiles 3-25 Life cycle: Adults can be observed from late February through May. Females lay hundreds of eggs at the bases of host plants.
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Chapter 3. Imperiled Pollinator Profiles 3-26 Species Name Common Name Nectar Plants Lasthenia californica California goldfields Linanthus dianthoflorus Fringed linanthus Cryptantha sp. Cat's eyes Plagiobothrys sp. Popcorn flowers Amsinckia sp. Fiddlenecks 1 Preferred host plant 2 Use of this species as a host plant is rare 3 Important in drought years 3.9.1 References Faulkner, D., and M Klein.
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Chapter 3. Imperiled Pollinator Profiles 3-27 3.10 Kern Primrose Sphinx Moth (Euproserpinus euterpe) Jan Feb Mar April May June July Aug Sept Oct Nov Dec Adult Larvae Adult Kern primrose sphinx moth (top left)
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Chapter 3. Imperiled Pollinator Profiles 3-28 Top reasons for decline, if known: Habitat loss; over-collection. General conservation recommendations: Habitat should be protected where populations still occur.
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Chapter 3. Imperiled Pollinator Profiles 3-29 Rubinoff, D., M
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Chapter 3. Imperiled Pollinator Profiles 3-30 Life cycle: Adult flight period occurs between early January and late May. Adults have a short lifespan, with an average of 4 days, and are relatively sedentary.
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Chapter 3. Imperiled Pollinator Profiles 3-31 Mattoni, R
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Chapter 3. Imperiled Pollinator Profiles 3-32 Where it occurs: This species can be found in Marin, San Francisco, and San Mateo Counties. How to recognize: The mission blue butterfly is a small species with a wingspan of 1 to 1.5 inches.
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Chapter 3. Imperiled Pollinator Profiles 3-33 Species Name Common Name Nectar Plants Eriogonum spp. Buckwheats Heterotheca sessiliflora Goldenaster Dichelostemma spp. Wild hyacinth 1 Requires some natural disturbance 3.12.1 References Lindzey, S., and E
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Chapter 3. Imperiled Pollinator Profiles 3-34 3.13 Hermes Copper (Lycaena hermes) Jan Feb Mar April May June July Aug Sept Oct Nov Dec Adult Larvae Adult Hermes copper (top left)
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Chapter 3. Imperiled Pollinator Profiles 3-35 prefers open areas and has been found in open areas, like trails and dirt roads, adjacent to dense scrub habitat. Top reasons for decline, if known: Habitat loss; climate change (especially increased wildfire)
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Chapter 3. Imperiled Pollinator Profiles 3-36 Marschalek, D
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Chapter 3. Imperiled Pollinator Profiles 3-37 Order: Lepidoptera Family: Lycaenidae Status: Federally listed as endangered Distribution: California Where it occurs: This species historically occurred in coastal Mendocino and Sonoma Counties and possibly in Marin County. How to recognize: A small butterfly with a wingspan of 1 inch.
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Chapter 3. Imperiled Pollinator Profiles 3-38 3.14.1 References U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service.
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Chapter 3. Imperiled Pollinator Profiles 3-39 from the wing base to the margin, and also has black veins. Adults hold their wings at 45degree angles when perched.
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Chapter 3. Imperiled Pollinator Profiles 3-40 Species Name Common Name Cirsium vulgare Common thistle, bull thistle2 Lotus tenuis Narrow‐leaved bird's‐foot‐trefoil Cleomella parviflora Slender cleomella Cleomella plocasperma Twisted cleomella Heliotropium curassivicum Salt heliotrope Potentilla sp. Cinquefoils3 Sesuvium verrucosum Western sea purslane 1 Does best when roots are inundated with water for a short time each spring 2 Nonnative species 3 This genus includes native and nonnative species; some of the nonnative species are invasive 3.15.1 References Sanford, M
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Chapter 3. Imperiled Pollinator Profiles 3-41 3.16 Laguna Mountains Skipper (Pyrgus ruralis lagunae) Jan Feb Mar April May June July Aug Sept Oct Nov Dec Adult Larvae Adult Laguna Mountains skipper (top left)
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Chapter 3. Imperiled Pollinator Profiles 3-42 Habitat needs: Mountain meadow habitat with abundant host plants where the vegetation density is less than 50 percent. This species prefers to oviposit in stands of the host plant.
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Chapter 3. Imperiled Pollinator Profiles 3-43 Species Name Common Name Notes Sidalcea spp. Checkerblooms Lotus spp. Trefoils Important for second generation 3.16.1 References Faulkner, D., and M Klein.
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From page 70... ...
Chapter 3. Imperiled Pollinator Profiles 3-44 Order: Diptera Family: Mydidae Status: Endangered Distribution: California Where it occurs: This species can be found in Riverside and San Bernardino Counties in areas with Delhi soils. How to recognize: The Delhi sands flower-loving fly is a larger fly, approximately 1 inch long.
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Chapter 3. Imperiled Pollinator Profiles 3-45 Table 3-17. Plants used by Delhi sands flower-loving fly.
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Chapter 3. Imperiled Pollinator Profiles 3-46 3.18 Callippe Silverspot Butterfly (Speyeria callippe callippe) Jan Feb Mar April May June July Aug Sept Oct Nov Dec Adult Larvae Adult Callippe silverspot (top left)
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Chapter 3. Imperiled Pollinator Profiles 3-47 General conservation recommendations: Protect and restore habitat. Reduce abundance of invasive plants that degrade habitat quality.
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Chapter 3. Imperiled Pollinator Profiles 3-48 U.S. Fish and Wildlife Service.
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Chapter 3. Imperiled Pollinator Profiles 3-49 Life cycle: Adults can be found from early July through October. First instar larvae eat their eggshell after hatching and then enter diapause until the next spring when their host plants (Viola adunca)
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From page 76... ...
Chapter 3. Imperiled Pollinator Profiles 3-50 3.20 Oregon Silverspot Butterfly (Speyeria zerene hippolyta) Jan Feb Mar April May June July Aug Sept Oct Nov Dec Adult Larvae Adult Oregon silverspot (top left)
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Chapter 3. Imperiled Pollinator Profiles 3-51 assemblage of nectar plants (at least five plants per square meter) in close proximity to host plants is also needed.
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Chapter 3. Imperiled Pollinator Profiles 3-52 McCorkle, D
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Chapter 3. Imperiled Pollinator Profiles 3-53 Where it occurs: This species can be found in coastal dune, coastal scrub, and coastal prairie habitats in Marin and Sonoma Counties. How to recognize: Myrtle's silverspot butterfly is a subspecies of the zerene fritillary (Speyeria zerene)
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Chapter 3. Imperiled Pollinator Profiles 3-54 Species Name Common name Cirsium vulgare Bull thistle2 Carduus pycnocephalus Italian thistle2 Wyethia spp. Mule ears Solidago californica California goldenrod Achillea millefollium Common yarrow Cammissonia cheiranthifolia ssp. cheiranthifolia Beach primrose Jaumea carnosa March jaumea Ericameria ericoides California heathgoldenrod Amsinckia spectablis var. spectablis Seaside fiddleneck Hypochaeris radicata Hair cat's ear 1 Most used 2 Nonnative 3.21.1 References Launer, A
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Chapter 3. Imperiled Pollinator Profiles 3-55 Top reasons for decline, if known: There are multiple factors affecting bumble bee decline including habitat loss, pesticide exposure, climate change, pathogens, and parasites, as well as the introduction of nonnative bee species. General conservation recommendations: Preserve, restore, and create high-quality habitat that include suitable nesting, foraging, and overwintering sites throughout a species' range.
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Chapter 3. Imperiled Pollinator Profiles 3-56 Status: Imperiled (G2) ; petitioned in 2018 to be listed as endangered under California Endangered Species Act Distribution: California Where it occurs: Shrubland, grassland Flight Time: This species is an early emerger and typically active on the landscape from late February through mid-August.
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From page 83... ...
Chapter 3. Imperiled Pollinator Profiles 3-57 How to recognize: This bumble bee has black hair on the face; a yellow thorax with a narrow, black band between the wings; and a predominantly yellow abdomen with a black posterior end. Males may have different color patterns.
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Chapter 3. Imperiled Pollinator Profiles 3-58 Body size: Medium. Queens range from 20 to 21 millimeters (0.77 to 0.84 inch)
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Chapter 3. Imperiled Pollinator Profiles 3-59 3.22.5 References Dániel-Ferreira, J., Å. Berggren, R
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Chapter 3. Imperiled Pollinator Profiles 3-60 How to recognize: This small hairstreak butterfly is gray from above and bright green to gray-green from below, with a row of small white dots edged in black present on each hindwing.
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Chapter 3. Imperiled Pollinator Profiles 3-61 Species Name Common Name Nectar Plants Arctostaphylos uva‐ursi kinnikinnick Cerastium arvense strictum Field chickweed Claytonia rosea Western springbeauty Eriogonum umbellatum Sulphur‐flower buckwheat Mahonia repens Creeping barberry Noccaea fendleri Fendler's pennycress Salix spp. Willow Thlaspi arvense Field pennycress2 1 Suspected in California 2 Nonnative 3.23.1 References Lotts, K., and T Naberhaus, coordinators.
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Chapter 3. Imperiled Pollinator Profiles 3-62 3.24 Wandering Skipper (Panoquina errans) Jan Feb Mar April May June July Aug Sept Oct Nov Dec Adult Larvae Adult wandering skipper (top left)
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Chapter 3. Imperiled Pollinator Profiles 3-63 General conservation recommendations: Restore saltgrass habitat and protect remaining habitat. Avoid pesticide use, especially insecticides, near known populations.
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Chapter 3. Imperiled Pollinator Profiles 3-64 Where it occurs: This species can be found in montane deserts in Southern California from the San Joaquin Valley and Mojave Desert south to Victorville. Recent sightings are all from Kern County.
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