Pollinator Habitat Conservation Along Roadways, Volume 4: Great Basin (2023) / Chapter Skim
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From page 7... ...
2-1 Chapter 2 Pollinator Biology and Roadsides This chapter provides a brief background on general pollinator biology, the conservation status of pollinators, threats pollinators face, and habitat needs for different groups of pollinators. The habitat needs outlined here are the basis of conservation actions in the chapters that follow.
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Chapter 2. Pollinator Biology and Roadsides 2-2 There are also a number of imperiled species with declining populations, and there is a significant potential for more pollinators species to be listed in the coming years. Chapter 3, Imperiled Pollinator Profiles, includes profiles of the listed and candidate pollinators in this region, as well as other imperiled species in the region that have the potential to become listed.
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Chapter 2. Pollinator Biology and Roadsides 2-3 Scientific name Common name Status Regions Where Currently Found Hylaeus facilis Easy yellow‐faced bee Endangered Hawaii Hylaeus hilaris Hilaris yellow‐faced bee Endangered Hawaii Hylaeus kuakea Hawaiian yellow‐ faced bee Endangered Hawaii Hylaeus longiceps Hawaiian yellow‐ faced bee Endangered Hawaii Hylaeus mana Hawaiian yellow‐ faced bee Endangered Hawaii BUTTERFLIES Anaea troglodyta floridalis Florida leafwing butterfly Endangered Florida Apodemia mormo langei Lange's metalmark butterfly Endangered California Boloria acrocnema Uncompahgre fritillary butterfly Endangered Rocky Mountain Callophrys mossii bayensis San Bruno elfin butterfly Endangered California Cyclargus thomasi bethunebakeri Miami blue butterfly Endangered Florida Cyclargus ammon Nickerbean blue butterfly Similarity of appearance to a threatened taxon Florida Danaus plexippus Monarch butterfly Candidate Lower 48 states Euchloe ausonides insulanus Island marble butterfly Endangered Maritime Northwest Euphilotes battoides allyni El Segundo blue butterfly Endangered California Euphilotes enoptes smithi Smith's blue butterfly Endangered California
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Chapter 2. Pollinator Biology and Roadsides 2-4 Scientific name Common name Status Regions Where Currently Found Euphydryas editha bayensis Bay checkerspot butterfly Threatened California Euphydryas editha quino Quino checkerspot butterfly Endangered California Euphydryas editha taylori Taylor's checkerspot butterfly Endangered Maritime Northwest Glaucopsyche lygdamus palosverdesensis Palos Verdes blue butterfly Endangered California Hemiargus ceraunus antibubastus Ceraunus blue butterfly Similarity of appearance to a threatened taxon Florida Heraclides aristodemus ponceanus Schaus swallowtail butterfly Endangered Florida Hesperia dacotae Dakota skipper Threatened Northern Plains Hesperia leonardus montana Pawnee montane skipper Threatened Rocky Mountains Icaricia (Plebejus) shasta charlestonensis Mount Charleston blue butterfly Endangered Southwest Icaricia icarioides fenderi Fender's blue butterfly Endangered Maritime Northwest Icaricia icarioides missionensis Mission blue butterfly Endangered California Leptotes cassius theonus Cassius blue butterfly Similarity of appearance to a threatened taxon Florida Lycaeides argyrognomon lotis Lotis blue butterfly Endangered California Lycaeides melissa samuelis Karner blue butterfly Endangered Great Lakes, Midwest, Northeast Lycaena hermes Hermes copper butterfly Threatened California
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From page 11... ...
Chapter 2. Pollinator Biology and Roadsides 2-5 Scientific name Common name Status Regions Where Currently Found Neonympha mitchellii francisci Saint Francis' satyr butterfly Endangered Mid‐Atlantic Neonympha mitchellii Mitchell's satyr butterfly Endangered Great Lakes, Midwest, Mid‐ Atlantic, Southeast Oarisma poweshiek Poweshiek skipperling Endangered Great Lakes, Northern Plains Pseudocopaeodes eunus obscurus Carson wandering skipper Endangered California, Great Basin Pyrgus ruralis lagunae Laguna Mountains skipper Endangered California Speyeria callippe Callippe silverspot butterfly Endangered California Speyeria nokomis Great Basin Silverspot Proposed threatened Southwest Speyeria zerene behrensii Behren's silverspot butterfly Endangered California Speyeria zerene hippolyta Oregon silverspot butterfly Threatened California, Maritime Northwest Speyeria zerene myrtleae Myrtle's silverspot butterfly Endangered California Strymon acis bartrami Bartram's hairstreak butterfly Endangered Florida MOTHS Euproserpinus euterpe Kern primrose sphinx moth Threatened California Manduca blackburni Blackburn's sphinx moth Threatened Hawaii FLIES Rhaphiomidas terminatus abdominalis Delhi Sands flower‐ loving fly Endangered California
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From page 12... ...
Chapter 2. Pollinator Biology and Roadsides 2-6 Scientific name Common name Status Regions Where Currently Found BEETLES Desmocerus californicus dimorphus Valley elderberry longhorn beetle Threatened California 2.3 Meet the Pollinators This guide focuses solely on invertebrate pollinators, due to their widespread importance. North America does have some vertebrate pollinators, including nectar-feeding bat species found in the southwestern United States (Leptonycteris yerbabuenae, Choeronycteris mexicana)
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From page 13... ...
Chapter 2. Pollinator Biology and Roadsides 2-7 Bumble bees Order: Hymenoptera Family: Apidae Genus: Bombus Bumble bees form annual social colonies. Queen bumble bees, mated the previous fall, start nests in spring. By mid‐summer, colonies can have dozens or hundreds of workers (Figure 2‐2) . They nest in insulated cavities such as under clumps of bunch grass or in old rodent nests. There are species of bumble bees that are nest parasites of other bumble bees. These cuckoo bumble bees invade an established colony, kill the queen, and lay eggs that the host colony then rears. Ground‐nesting bees Order: Hymenoptera Families: Andrenidae, Apidae, Colletidae, Halictidae Most native bees live solitary lives, with each female working alone to build her nests and collect and provide food for her offspring. About 70 percent of solitary bee species nest underground, digging slender tunnels off which they build cells for each egg and its provisions. Tunnel‐nesting bees Order: Hymenoptera Families: Apidae, Colletidae, Halictidae, Megachilidae Approximately 30 percent of solitary bee species nest in tunnels, inside already hollow stems or chewing into the pithy center of stems, or in existing holes, sometimes man‐ made. Most tunnel‐nesting bees are solitary species. Photo Credit: Jennifer Hopwood, Xerces Society Figure 2-1.
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Chapter 2. Pollinator Biology and Roadsides 2-8 Butterflies Order: Lepidoptera Families: Papilionidae, Hesperiidae, Pieridae, Lycaenidae, Nymphalidae With their striking transformation from a chubby plant‐chewing caterpillar to a delicate pupa to a graceful nectar‐drinking winged adult (Figure 2‐3) , butterflies are some of the most beloved insects. Some species have narrow host‐plant needs for their caterpillars, while others feed on a wide variety of plants. Flower‐visiting moths Order: Lepidoptera Families: Sphingidae, Noctuidae, Arctiidae Moths, which are often subdued in color and tend to fly at dusk or night, are less visible than other groups, but several are important specialist pollinators of wild plants. Moths as a group form a critical food source for wildlife. Flower‐visiting flies Order: Diptera Families: Syrphidae, Tachinidae, others Flower‐visiting flies consume nectar and sometimes pollen. Many hover flies (in the family Syrphidae)
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Chapter 2. Pollinator Biology and Roadsides 2-9 Flower‐visiting beetles Order: Coleoptera Families: Cantharidae, Coccinellidae, Scarabaeidae, others Flower‐visiting beetles consume nectar and pollen and may also chew on flower parts. Larvae of some species are predatory, hunting other insects (including crop pests) as food, while others are herbivorous or are decomposers. Photo Credit: Jennifer Hopwood, Xerces Society Figure 2-1 (continued)
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Chapter 2. Pollinator Biology and Roadsides 2-10 Image Credit: Sara Morris/Xerces Society. Figure 2-3. The main groups of insect pollinators (bees, beetles, flies, moths, wasps, and butterflies, including the monarch butterfly, the life cycle shown here)
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Chapter 2. Pollinator Biology and Roadsides 2-11 only pollinator involved in crop pollination. Many species of native, wild, and unmanaged bees, as well as some other insects like flower flies, play a critical role in crop pollination as well (Garibaldi et al.
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Chapter 2. Pollinator Biology and Roadsides 2-12 United States, and they extend across urban as well as rural landscapes. In some highly altered landscapes, roadsides are the only natural vegetation that remains (e.g., New et al.
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Chapter 2. Pollinator Biology and Roadsides 2-13 Host Plants Butterflies and moths lay their eggs on plants on which their caterpillars (larvae) will feed upon after hatching; these plants are known as host plants.
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Chapter 2. Pollinator Biology and Roadsides 2-14 Table 2-2. Nesting habitat for bees.
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Chapter 2. Pollinator Biology and Roadsides 2-15 Roadsides extend across a variety of landscapes and often contain greater plant diversity than adjacent lands. The linear shape and connectivity of roadsides can help pollinators move through the landscape (Soderstrom and Hedblom 2007; Daniel-Ferreira et al.
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From page 22... ...
Chapter 2. Pollinator Biology and Roadsides 2-16 monarchs per year; hotspots occur in places that are important migratory crossing locations that are constrained to cross roads in Texas and Mexico (Kantola et al. 2019; Tracy et al.
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Chapter 2. Pollinator Biology and Roadsides 2-17 Image Credit: Arizona Department of Transportation Figure 2-4. Recovery areas on a rural interstate road.
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Chapter 2. Pollinator Biology and Roadsides 2-18 smaller amounts (e.g., Dalea purpurea) (Emilie Snell-Rood, personal communication)
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Chapter 2. Pollinator Biology and Roadsides 2-19 Vegetation Management The management of roadside vegetation can have a significant impact on pollinators. Mowing vegetation beyond the mown strip in the recovery area multiple times a growing season, for example, can cause direct mortality to pollinators in the egg or larval stages (Humbert et al.
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