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From page 109... ... 109 C H A P T E R 3 Planning and Implementation Guidelines 3.1 Leadership and Organizational Structure This section discusses organizational leadership and processes for the deployment and management of wireless services and infrastructure in an airport. It identifies different responsibilities to be carried out by the individuals with defined "personas," or archetypes, who will be most effective for promoting change. Read the entire page →
From page 110... ... 110 Transformation in Wireless Connectivity: Guide to Prepare Airports management, environmental planning, security requirements, and noise abatement; coordinates assigned activities with other divisions, departments, and outside agencies; and provides highly responsible and complex administrative support to the Airport Executive Director. The Airport Planning Manager is responsible for translating the vision of the airport director and board into a short and long-term plan for future development. Read the entire page →
From page 111... ... Planning and Implementation Guidelines 111 Departments on airport construction and land development. As such, the Airport Operations Manager is responsible for identifying and implementing new revenue generation or cost savings initiatives. Read the entire page →
From page 112... ... 112 Transformation in Wireless Connectivity: Guide to Prepare Airports have a strong understanding of network infrastructure and network hardware, as well as be able to implement, administer, and troubleshoot network devices including wireless access points (WAPs) , routers, switches, and controllers. Read the entire page →
From page 113... ... Planning and Implementation Guidelines 113 3.1.2.2 Leadership and Organizational Engagement Some key factors to support organizational development and acceptance of new technologies involve stakeholder engagement. This includes airport staff but also external contractors and tenants that benefit from the transformation. Read the entire page →
From page 114... ... 114 Transformation in Wireless Connectivity: Guide to Prepare Airports • Planning and organizational skills, time and deadline management, and effective collaboration, especially when working within a large team. Business acumen is very desirable, to facilitate the translation of strategic and managerial goals, with technical requirements and capabilities. Read the entire page →
From page 115... ... Planning and Implementation Guidelines 115 for changes to existing services or for new services that will provide value and help monetize the network infrastructure. In this step, transformative leadership is crucial, supported by other roles such as IT Directors, planners, and marketing. Read the entire page →
From page 116... ... 116 Transformation in Wireless Connectivity: Guide to Prepare Airports identify equipment volumes and locations. Equipment co-location requirements for multiple wireless operators must be well understood and reflected in the network plan. Read the entire page →
From page 117... ... Planning and Implementation Guidelines 117 with supporting functions from other teams in the airport organization, such as planning and operations, property development and lease management, facilities and maintenance, and marketing. Each of the functions managed by the IT Director is usually overseen by an IT Services Administrator. Read the entire page →
From page 118... ... 118 Transformation in Wireless Connectivity: Guide to Prepare Airports for office and operational areas and third-party vendors for passenger areas. However, this does not necessarily apply to wireless networks due to their extensibility and scalability. Read the entire page →
From page 119... ... Planning and Implementation Guidelines 119 Smaller airports have fewer staff members. This makes budget management and procurement processes leaner and more reliant on expertise provided by external sources. Read the entire page →
From page 120... ... 120 Transformation in Wireless Connectivity: Guide to Prepare Airports Deploying a wireless network is no longer a one-off investment in one technology to address a well-defined task (e.g., voice communications among staff) expected to last for a given number of years. Read the entire page →
From page 121... ... Planning and Implementation Guidelines 121 low-power IoT networks may not need upgrading because they have been shown to provide the connectivity the airport needs. Timescales for wireless tend to be shorter than for other types of infrastructure, and the pace and frequency of updates and new versions are accelerating. Read the entire page →
From page 122... ... 122 Transformation in Wireless Connectivity: Guide to Prepare Airports and get all the incremental upgrades; in this case, the refresh cycle becomes a continuous activity. Major upgrades that require complete reinstallations may be necessary every 5 to 10 years. Read the entire page →
From page 123... ... Planning and Implementation Guidelines 123 steps for implementing various improvements, such as procurement of wireless technologies, to support safe and efficient operations. As such, technology planning efforts establish an action plan for airports to support current and future services. Read the entire page →
From page 124... ... 124 Transformation in Wireless Connectivity: Guide to Prepare Airports • Innovation department. The airport sponsor can also establish an office dedicated to the proposal and exploration of new airport technological use cases. Read the entire page →
From page 125... ... Planning and Implementation Guidelines 125 A complementary approach is to assign wireless technology developments and budgeting to specific operations. As wireless technologies enable use cases that provide value propositions for airport applications, the deployment of these technologies can be allocated and distributed among the teams or business units using them. Read the entire page →
From page 126... ... 126 Transformation in Wireless Connectivity: Guide to Prepare Airports 3.2.3 Financial Planning of Wireless Technologies Airports have long understood how to manage and fund physical assets, such as terminals, real estate, and runways, and there is well-documented guidance regarding budgeting cycles, project prioritization, and funding, as well as the management of airport physical assets. However, historically, airports were advised to proceed with caution regarding investment in new technologies. Read the entire page →
From page 127... ... Planning and Implementation Guidelines 127 • Are some tenants required to establish their own wireless network or service agreements? How would they coordinate with you regarding infrastructure improvements to support development? Read the entire page →
From page 128... ... 128 Transformation in Wireless Connectivity: Guide to Prepare Airports improves and the costs for equipment and infrastructure are anticipated to decrease. Depending on demand and the long-term technology outlook for the airport, management will want to consider overall costs and demand. Read the entire page →
From page 129... ... Planning and Implementation Guidelines 129 company and the airport itself. For example, TSA's Innovation Task Force used this model with the San Diego International Airport (SAN) Read the entire page →
From page 130... ... 130 Transformation in Wireless Connectivity: Guide to Prepare Airports 3.2.3.4 Wireless Development and Funding Process Given the current funding environment and ongoing need for wireless and related technologies, airports could take the following steps, as illustrated in Figure 7: • Build a technology roadmap. Airports should identify the specific functional requirements needed to support stakeholder, employee, and passenger technology demands. Read the entire page →
From page 131... ... Planning and Implementation Guidelines 131 3.3.1 Unlicensed Spectrum Table 29 indicates the spectrum management tasks when operating in unlicensed bands. Multiple spectrum bands are unlicensed; notably, the 900 MHz and 2.4 GHz ISM bands and the 5-GHz Unlicensed National Information Infrastructure (U-NII) Read the entire page →
From page 132... ... 132 Transformation in Wireless Connectivity: Guide to Prepare Airports future, the ISM 900 MHz band is also expected. Everyone can use these bands, without a license or coordination of access with other users. Read the entire page →
From page 133... ... Planning and Implementation Guidelines 133 In addition, the LoRa Alliance runs a certification program to ensure compliance with LoRaWAN specifications and maintains a database of certified products that airports can use to verify that the equipment they plan to use has been certified for the U.S. market. Read the entire page →
From page 134... ... 134 Transformation in Wireless Connectivity: Guide to Prepare Airports in practice this is an unlikely scenario, as airports are high-traffic venues and operators need the spectrum for their public networks. However, airports can -- and already do -- use public networks for connectivity within their premises, for instance for staff communications and some IoT and other airport-specific services. Read the entire page →
From page 135... ... Planning and Implementation Guidelines 135 The roles of the venue manager for shared and reserved spectrum are to develop a master plan that accounts for all potential users of the spectrum within the venue's footprint and to find a mechanism to ensure all parties comply with the plan. The latter role is only possible if the CBRS spectrum management plan is a condition of each tenant's lease agreement with the venue. Read the entire page →
From page 136... ... 136 Transformation in Wireless Connectivity: Guide to Prepare Airports relationships with more than one SAS, a CBRS user can use the same SAS even with equipment from different vendors or change the SAS without changing the equipment. Although it does not require a license, GAA requires users to register their equipment and its location, and use of the spectrum is dynamically granted by an SAS. Read the entire page →
From page 137... ... Planning and Implementation Guidelines 137 CBRS band, AFC mechanisms will be different from those used by a CBRS's SAS, so spectrum use assignment does not need to be dynamic, as it is for CBRS. These restrictions do not apply if the airport is an incumbent spectrum user for fixed microwave links. Read the entire page →
From page 138... ... 138 Transformation in Wireless Connectivity: Guide to Prepare Airports 3.3.5 Looking Ahead: The Future of Spectrum Regulation Spectrum is a limited resource that is increasingly in demand. To meet increasing connectivity needs, FCC and other regulators worldwide are changing their approach to spectrum policy by: • Increasing the efficiency of spectrum use and maximizing spectrum reuse by expanding spectrum-sharing and introducing more dynamic spectrum-sharing regimes. Read the entire page →
From page 139... ... Planning and Implementation Guidelines 139 number of stationary wireless devices is also present in the concourse to provide passenger services, tenant operation, sensing, and facility management. Ceilings and walls usually make optimal mounting locations for the terminal, with little additional infrastructure required. Read the entire page →
From page 140... ... 140 Transformation in Wireless Connectivity: Guide to Prepare Airports Large, covered spaces are used for cargo shipment hold or baggage and to store aircraft that are unused or under maintenance. These spaces can be found both in the main airport building and other secondary buildings. Read the entire page →
From page 141... ... Planning and Implementation Guidelines 141 sitting in the aircraft, and the orientation of the aircraft with respect to the serving tower, the signal can be very weak. If the sensors on the plane must connect to the network before takeoff or after landing, there may be NLOS cases where the sensors are blocked by the actual aircraft. Read the entire page →
From page 142... ... 142 Transformation in Wireless Connectivity: Guide to Prepare Airports During radio network planning, these events can be mitigated by redundancy in the radio access systems with automatic switchover and procurement of hardened RF systems (intrinsic EM safety and recovery) Read the entire page →
From page 143... ... Planning and Implementation Guidelines 143 is always a good practice, if the potential additional cost can be assumed, or the performance of interfering technology can be reduced. Radio mounting sites can be initially selected based on the geometry of the buildings and deployment locations. Read the entire page →
From page 144... ... 144 Transformation in Wireless Connectivity: Guide to Prepare Airports Recent, more capable wireless access networks, such as 5G and Wi-Fi 6/6E, are encountering limitations in current backbone network technologies. CATx infrastructure incurs the risk of bottlenecks appearing in the backbone network that limit the end-to-end capacity of the wireless service. Read the entire page →
From page 145... ... Planning and Implementation Guidelines 145 A very important aspect to consider when designing the core infrastructure is the ability to share infrastructure among networks. There are two categories of shared infrastructure: • Shared hardware equipment like network components and cable is usually shared per network segment in corporate IT systems implementing IP networks. Read the entire page →
From page 146... ... 146 Transformation in Wireless Connectivity: Guide to Prepare Airports throughout the environment. A wireless site survey will relate the required performance to a value and detect RF and electromagnetic interference coming from other sources that could degrade the performance. Read the entire page →
From page 147... ... Planning and Implementation Guidelines 147 Legal Considerations for Telecommunications at Airports provides complementary guidance on the management of wireless technology and service suppliers at airports (Cusson 2021) Read the entire page →
From page 148... ... 148 Transformation in Wireless Connectivity: Guide to Prepare Airports Within the realm of inventory management, maintaining spare parts is unavoidable and should be defined in a sensible, efficient, and practical manner. A well-defined spare parts management system increases support personnel's productivity, reduces unplanned downtime, and positively impacts finances. Read the entire page →
From page 149... ... Planning and Implementation Guidelines 149 • Maintaining robust network inventory. • Maintaining an accurate configuration management database (CMDB) Read the entire page →
From page 150... ... 150 Transformation in Wireless Connectivity: Guide to Prepare Airports 3.4.3.2 Installation and Construction in Airports Per 14 CFR Part 77, Safe, Efficient Use, and Preservation of the Navigable Airspace, airports that receive federal funds are obligated by their grant assurances to identify and mitigate hazards to navigable airspace at their airport. Construction or alteration of objects on or around an airport can have adverse impacts on operations; therefore, any person/organization who intends to sponsor any construction or alteration, permanent or temporary, on or near an airport must file a Notice of Proposed Construction (i.e., Form 7460-1) Read the entire page →
From page 151... ... Planning and Implementation Guidelines 151 provide comments. If the application is denied, applicants should work with FAA to determine an alternative solution, which could take up to 1 year. Read the entire page →
From page 152... ... 152 Transformation in Wireless Connectivity: Guide to Prepare Airports 3.4.4.4 Impact on Environment and Human Health Wireless providers are required to comply with FCC environmental rules, including 47 CFR § 1.1307 and 47 CFR § 1.1311 (i.e., "environmental information to be included in the environmental assessment [EA] Read the entire page →
From page 153... ... Planning and Implementation Guidelines 153 Through real-time monitoring, control, and analytics, smart airports empowered by wireless sensor networks dramatically improve their performance in all aspects of their operations, enabling remote access to services and promoting interoperability. One legitimate concern associated with this improvement is that the airports' operational reliability can be greatly affected by cyberattacks on airport infrastructure. Read the entire page →
From page 154... ... 154 Transformation in Wireless Connectivity: Guide to Prepare Airports with the associated trend of BYOD, e-Enabled aircraft, and GateLink systems between airports and airplanes that could cause cascading disruptions to multiple stakeholders. The highly connected smart technologies make cybersecurity central to airport operations. Read the entire page →
From page 155... ... Planning and Implementation Guidelines 155 Insider attacks are malicious actions performed by legitimate network users with certain access privileges. They may be disgruntled employees, contractors, consultants, agency staff, or temporary staff. Read the entire page →
From page 156... ... 156 Transformation in Wireless Connectivity: Guide to Prepare Airports can reveal intelligence on facility occupancy, vacancy, and even monitoring, and enable a hostile adversary to plan incursions, attacks, or distractions. Replacing the conventional inspection for monitoring the airfield environment, airports adopt wireless monitoring equipment such as RFID chip-based tarmac heat sensors, aircraft movement monitoring and guidance sensors, remote environmental monitoring stations, and drones that use light-based detection technologies relying on Zigbee, Bluetooth, or LPWAN for communication to control platform. Read the entire page →
From page 157... ... Planning and Implementation Guidelines 157 then infect other interconnected systems, potentially cascading the effect on the secure operation of airside and landside. Such incidents took place in the United States in 2011 and in an Iran airport in 2018. Read the entire page →
From page 158... ... 158 Transformation in Wireless Connectivity: Guide to Prepare Airports end-to-end encryption, hidden SSID, and network access control policies. Such policies establish user access authorization policies (e.g., allowlists) Read the entire page →
From page 159... ... Planning and Implementation Guidelines 159 In addition, default administrator credentials to the APs in this network should be changed. To prevent the increase of attack surface from complimentary Wi-Fi networks, any devices or services that the airport hosts for internal use should use either Ethernet solutions or independently secured Wi-Fi networks not connected to the open Wi-Fi network provided for the passengers. Read the entire page →
From page 160... ... 160 Transformation in Wireless Connectivity: Guide to Prepare Airports Awareness training and maintaining security standards on BYOD are essential. All the software patches should be applied on time, and audit systems on log files are important to identify unauthorized changes and malicious software. Read the entire page →
From page 161... ... Planning and Implementation Guidelines 161 5G has adopted many security functionalities to address and protect against many of these security threats, but the full extent of 5G security will not be achieved until the 5G SA (standalone) networks with no 4G dependency are deployed. Read the entire page →
From page 162... ... 162 Transformation in Wireless Connectivity: Guide to Prepare Airports Recent cybersecurity incidents and threats highlight the need for comprehensive cybersecurity across all sectors. DOD is leading federal cybersecurity implementation through the Cybersecurity Maturity Model Certification (CMMC) Read the entire page →

From page 109...

... 109 C H A P T E R 3 Planning and Implementation Guidelines 3.1 Leadership and Organizational Structure This section discusses organizational leadership and processes for the deployment and management of wireless services and infrastructure in an airport. It identifies different responsibilities to be carried out by the individuals with defined "personas," or archetypes, who will be most effective for promoting change.