Pollinator Habitat Conservation Along Roadways, Volume 5: Great Lakes (2023) / Chapter Skim
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From page 27... ...
3-1 Chapter 3 Imperiled Pollinator Profiles The Great Lakes region, which includes Wisconsin, Michigan, Ohio, and parts of Minnesota, Pennsylvania, and New York, is home to a diverse assemblage of pollinators (Figure 1-1)
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Chapter 3. Imperiled Pollinator Profiles 3-2 plants for butterflies) where appropriate, roadsides also provide an ideal opportunity to increase habitat connectivity for many species, including pollinators.
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Chapter 3. Imperiled Pollinator Profiles 3-3 G4: Apparently Secure. Uncommon but not rare; some cause for long‐term concern due to declines or other factors. G5: Secure. Common; widespread and abundant. G#G#: Range Rank. A numeric range rank (e.g., G2G3) is used to indicate the range of uncertainty in the status of a species or community. T#: Infraspecific Taxon (for subspecies or varieties)
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Chapter 3. Imperiled Pollinator Profiles 3-4 Body size: Large. Queens range from 12 to 23 millimeters (0.75 to 0.92 inch)
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Chapter 3. Imperiled Pollinator Profiles 3-5 Species Name by Bloom Period Common Name Notes Hydrophyllum spp Waterleaf White/ purple; perennial Lupinus perennis Wild lupine/sundial lupine Blue; perennial Penstemon digitalis Foxglove beardtongue White; perennial Tradescantia ohiensis Spiderwort/bluejacket Purple; perennial Mid Agastache Giant hyssops White/pink/purple; perennial Dalea purpurea Purple prairie clover Purple; perennial Eupatorium spp. Snakeroots White; perennial Eutrochium spp. Joe Pye weeds Pink/purple; perennial Eutrochium fistulosum Joe Pye weed Pink; perennial Monarda spp. Bee balm Pink/purple/red; perennial Monarda fistulosa Bee balm/wild bergamot Purple; perennial Pycnanthemum tenuifolium Narrowleaf mountain mint White; perennial Veronicastrum Veronicastrum White/pink/blue; perennial Late Cirsium discolor Field thistle Pink/purple; biennial Rudbeckia laciniata Cutleaf coneflower Yellow; perennial Solidago spp. Goldenrods Yellow; perennial Solidago nemoralis Gray goldenrod Yellow; perennial Symphyotrichum novae‐ angliae New England aster Purple; perennial 3.1.1 References Cariveau, D., E Evans, and M
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Chapter 3. Imperiled Pollinator Profiles 3-6 Dániel-Ferreira, J., Å. Berggren, R
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Chapter 3. Imperiled Pollinator Profiles 3-7 the species has spread or been introduced to several other areas, including Spain, Hawaii, Australia, and New Zealand. Where it occurs: During the summer breeding season and early during fall migration, monarchs can be found in every county of the Great Lakes states.
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Chapter 3. Imperiled Pollinator Profiles 3-8 milkweed availability in the fall outweighs the costs of the larval mortality caused by summer mowing. Roadside managers can achieve a diverse mosaic of habitat in order to sustain healthy ecosystems for monarchs and other insects by leaving unmown strips as refugia, delaying mowing until late summer or fall, and increasing heterogeneity of mowing (e.g., mowing in patches or at different heights)
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From page 35... ...
Chapter 3. Imperiled Pollinator Profiles 3-9 Taken from handout created by Monarch Joint Venture and The Xerces Society: https://monarchjointventure.org/images/uploads/documents/MowingForMonarchsUpdated.pdf. Figure 3-1. Management timing windows for monarchs in the United States.
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Chapter 3. Imperiled Pollinator Profiles 3-10 NatureServe.
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Chapter 3. Imperiled Pollinator Profiles 3-11 the second generation. This species overwinters in the egg stage and may be tended by ants.
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Chapter 3. Imperiled Pollinator Profiles 3-12 Species Name Common Name Rubus spp. Blackberry3 Asclepias spp. Milkweed Centaurea maculosa Spotted knapweed2 Erigeron strigosus Prairie fleabane Euphorbia corollata Flowering spurge Melilotus alba Sweetclover2 Monarda punctata Spotted beebalm 1 This species specializes on wild lupine but uses a wide variety of plants for nectar. This is a partial list of nectar plants used by this species. 2 Nonnative. 3 This genus includes native and nonnative species; some of the nonnative species are invasive. 3.3.1 References: Chan, P
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Chapter 3. Imperiled Pollinator Profiles 3-13 Wood, E
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Chapter 3. Imperiled Pollinator Profiles 3-14 Life cycle: Adults can be observed from late June through mid-July. Fourth instar larvae overwinter at the base of host plants and begin feeding again in spring.
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Chapter 3. Imperiled Pollinator Profiles 3-15 Species Name Common Name Notes Nectar Plants Asclepias incarnata Swamp milkweed Known to be used in Virginia Asclepias syriaca Common milkweed Known to be used in Virginia Achillea millefolium Common yarrow Known to be used in Virginia Daucus carota Queen Anne's lace Known to be used in Virginia Coronilla varia Crown vetch Known to be used in Virginia Sagittaria latifolia Broadleaf arrowhead Known to be used in Alabama Rudbeckia hirta Black‐eyed Susan Known for northern populations Pycnanthemum virginianum Mountain mint Known for northern populations 3.4.1 References Hamm, C
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Chapter 3. Imperiled Pollinator Profiles 3-16 3.5 Poweshiek Skipperling (Oarisma poweshiek) Jan Feb Mar April May June July Aug Sept Oct Nov Dec Adult Larvae Adult Poweshiek skipperling (top left)
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Chapter 3. Imperiled Pollinator Profiles 3-17 species and woody encroachment are needed. These butterflies have a low flight height and are unlikely to travel across areas with high vegetation, such as invasive woody plants or cattails.
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Chapter 3. Imperiled Pollinator Profiles 3-18 3.5.1 References Belitz, M
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Chapter 3. Imperiled Pollinator Profiles 3-19 abundance of pollen and nectar, food for adults and larvae. Bumble bees nest above, on, or under the ground, utilizing pre-existing insulated cavities such as rock piles, areas of dense vegetation (e.g., bunch grasses)
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Chapter 3. Imperiled Pollinator Profiles 3-20 Status: Vulnerable to apparently secure (G3G4) Distribution: Widespread across the United States, except for the south-central and southeastern states.
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Chapter 3. Imperiled Pollinator Profiles 3-21 Nesting behavior: Nests mostly on the surface amid long grass; occasionally nests underground. How to recognize: This bumble bee has black hair on the face.
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Chapter 3. Imperiled Pollinator Profiles 3-22 3.6.4 Variable Cuckoo Bumble Bee (Bombus variabilis) Jan Feb Mar April May June July Aug Sept Oct Nov Dec Adult Adult variable cuckoo bumble bee (top left)
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Chapter 3. Imperiled Pollinator Profiles 3-23 Hatfield, R., S Jepsen, E
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Chapter 3. Imperiled Pollinator Profiles 3-24 How to recognize: This is a small brown butterfly with intricate patterns that are similar to those of congeners such as the Henry's elfin but distinguished from them by a small dark spot on the ventral surface near the forewing apex. Life cycle: This species has a single brood per year, with adults flying from mid-April through early June.
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Chapter 3. Imperiled Pollinator Profiles 3-25 Species Name Common Name Vaccinium spp. Blueberries Rubus spp. Blackberries1 1 This genus includes native and nonnative species; some of the nonnative species are invasive. 3.7.1 References NatureServe.
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Chapter 3. Imperiled Pollinator Profiles 3-26 Where it occurs: Dry habitats on sand, prairie, savannas, and open woodlands. Often prefers areas with little bluestem (Schizachyrium scoparium)
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Chapter 3. Imperiled Pollinator Profiles 3-27 Species Name Common Name Nectar plants Liatris aspera Rough blazing star2 Liatris punctata Blazing star2 Verbena spp. Verbenas Cirsium spp. Thistles1 Aster spp. Asters Dipsacus spp. Teasel1 1 This genus includes native and nonnative species; some of the nonnative species are invasive 2 Favored nectar source 3.8.1 References Minnesota Department of Natural Resources. No date.
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Chapter 3. Imperiled Pollinator Profiles 3-28 Order: Lepidoptera Family: Hesperiidae Status: Vulnerable (G3) , given that it rarely occurs away from high-quality prairie and continues to decline in abundance Distribution: Colorado, Iowa, Illinois, Indiana, Kansas, Michigan, Minnesota, Missouri, Montana, North Dakota, Nebraska, Oklahoma, South Dakota, Texas, Wisconsin, and Wyoming, as well as southern Manitoba.
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Chapter 3. Imperiled Pollinator Profiles 3-29 Ottoe skipper habitat while larvae would be active. This species needs abundant nectar sources.
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Chapter 3. Imperiled Pollinator Profiles 3-30 3.9.1 References NatureServe.
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Chapter 3. Imperiled Pollinator Profiles 3-31 males are dead by late July. Females are relatively inactive in late July and August.
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Chapter 3. Imperiled Pollinator Profiles 3-32 Species Name Common Name Viola pedatifida Prairie violet Viola sagittata Arrowleaf violet Viola sororia Common blue violet Nectar Plants Asclepias purpurascens purple milkweed Asclepias sullivantii Prairie milkweed Asclepias syriaca Common milkweed Asclepias tuberosa Butterfly milkweed Cephalanthus occidentalis Buttonbush Cirsium spp. Thistles1 Echinacea purpurea Purple coneflower Liatris pycnostachya Prairie blazing star Liatris spicata Dense blazing star Monarda fistulosa Wild bergamot Pycnanthemum tenuifolium slender mountain mint 1 This genus includes native and nonnative species; some of the nonnative species are invasive. 3.10.1 References NatureServe.
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