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... 1   Introduction Cross-frames are important structural elements that serve many functions throughout the construction and service life of steel I-girder bridges. A primary function of cross-frames is to provide girder stability and enhance the lateral-torsional buckling (LTB)
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... 2 Improved Cross-Frame Analysis and Design: Wide-Flange T-Shape Sections modifications were balloted and approved in 2021 for implementation in the 10th edition of AASHTO LRFD. The key results and recommendations from Stage 1 are published in NCHRP Report 962: Proposed Modification to AASHTO Cross-Frame Analysis and Design (Reichenbach et al.
From page 3...
... Introduction 3 elastic material stiffness (i.e., Young's modulus, E, for steel) or the relevant cross-sectional properties such as area, A
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... 4 Improved Cross-Frame Analysis and Design: Wide-Flange T-Shape Sections 1.2 Research Objectives As outlined in Section 1.1, Stage 1 of NCHRP Project 12-113 focused on three main items including: member-level, panel-level, and system-level studies to determine the appropriate R-factors for cross-frames with single-angle members. In addition, Stage 1 had also demonstrated that the effects of connection eccentricity on the cross-frame stiffness can be reasonably estimated in a three-dimensional structural analysis model by utilizing beam elements with the eccentric offsets explicitly represented.

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