Pollinator Habitat Conservation Along Roadways, Volume 10: Midwest (2023) / Chapter Skim
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From page 27... ...
3-1 Chapter 3 Imperiled Pollinator Profiles The Midwest region, which includes Iowa, Missouri, Illinois, and Indiana, is home to a diverse assemblage of pollinators (Figure 1-1)
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Chapter 3. Imperiled Pollinator Profiles 3-2 to increase habitat connectivity for many species, including pollinators. It is important to note that although some of the species profiled in this section may be unlikely to use roadside habitat for breeding, individuals may still use roadside habitat for nectar or pollen or as movement corridors.
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Chapter 3. Imperiled Pollinator Profiles 3-3 G4: Apparently Secure. Uncommon but not rare; some cause for long‐term concern due to declines or other factors. G5: Secure. Common; widespread and abundant. G#G#: Range Rank. A numeric range rank (e.g., G2G3) is used to indicate the range of uncertainty in the status of a species or community. T#: Infraspecific Taxon (for subspecies or varieties)
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Chapter 3. Imperiled Pollinator Profiles 3-4 Habitat needs: Availability of food and nesting resources are key features in determining the success of a bumble bee colony. It is critical to maintain a bloom of floral resources throughout spring, summer, and fall to supply bumble bees with a diversity and abundance of food.
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Chapter 3. Imperiled Pollinator Profiles 3-5 Species Name by Bloom Period Common Name Notes Hydrophyllum spp Waterleaf White/ purple; perennial Penstemon digitalis Foxglove Beardtongue White; Perennial Mid Agastache Giant hyssops White/pink/purple; perennial Asclepias verticillata Whorled Milkweed White; Perennial Dalea purpurea Purple Prairie Clover Purple; Perennial Echinacea padilla Pale Purple Coneflower Pink / Purple; Perennial Eupatorium spp. Snakeroots White; perennial Eutrochium spp. Joe‐Pye weeds Pink/purple; perennial Monarda spp. Bee balm Pink/purple/red; perennial Monarda fistulosa Bee Balm / Wild Bergamot Purple; Perennial Veronicastrum Veronicastrum White/pink/blue; perennial Late Cirsium altissimum Tall Thistle Pink / Purple; Biennial Salvia azurea Azure Blue Sage / Pitcher Sage Blue; Perennial Solidago spp. Goldenrods Yellow; perennial Symphyotrichum novae‐ angliae New England Aster Purple; Perennial Verbesina alternifolia Wingstem / Yellow Ironweed Yellow; Perennial 3.1.1 References Cariveau, D., E Evans, and M
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Chapter 3. Imperiled Pollinator Profiles 3-6 Hatfield, R., S Jepsen, E., Mader, S
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Chapter 3. Imperiled Pollinator Profiles 3-7 Where it occurs: During the summer breeding season and early during fall migration, monarchs can be found in every county of the Midwest. These monarchs are part of the eastern population of monarchs that migrates to central Mexico in fall.
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From page 34... ...
Chapter 3. Imperiled Pollinator Profiles 3-8 Roadside managers can achieve a diverse mosaic of habitat to sustain healthy ecosystems for monarchs and other insects by leaving unmown strips as refugia, delaying mowing until late summer or fall, and increasing the heterogeneity of mowing (e.g., mowing in patches or at different heights)
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Chapter 3. Imperiled Pollinator Profiles 3-9 Species Name Common Name Notes Liatris pycnostachya Prairie blazing star Liatris spicata Dense blazing star Monarda fistulosa Wild bergamot Oligoneuron rigidum Rigid goldenrod Solidago altissima Tall goldenrod Solidago speciosa Showy goldenrod Symphyotrichum novae‐ angliae New England aster Symphyotrichum spp. Various aster species Taken from handout created by Monarch Joint Venture and The Xerces Society: https://monarchjointventure.org/images/uploads/documents/MowingForMonarchsUpdated.pdf Figure 3-1. Management timing windows for monarchs in the United States.
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Chapter 3. Imperiled Pollinator Profiles 3-10 Roadside milkweed guides: Milkweeds of KS and MO: https://xerces.org/publications/fact-sheets/roadsidehabitat-for-monarchs-milkweeds-of-ks-mo Milkweeds of IA and MN: https://xerces.org/publications/fact-sheets/roadsidehabitat-for-monarchs-milkweeds-of-ia-mn Milkweeds of the Great Lakes: https://xerces.org/publications/fact-sheets/roadsidehabitat-for-monarchs-milkweeds-of-great-lakes 3.2.1 References Baum, K.A., and E.K. Mueller.
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From page 37... ...
Chapter 3. Imperiled Pollinator Profiles 3-11 3.3 Karner Blue Butterfly (Lycaeides melissa samuelis) Jan Feb Mar April May June July Aug Sept Oct Nov Dec Adult Larvae Adult Karner blue butterfly (top left)
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Chapter 3. Imperiled Pollinator Profiles 3-12 Top reasons for decline, if known: The reasons for decline include habitat loss and fragmentation, which have led to small population sizes and greatly reduced genetic variability; habitat degradation is another reason. Climate change may play a role in current and future declines through phenological mismatches and extreme weather events.
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Chapter 3. Imperiled Pollinator Profiles 3-13 Species Name Common Name Melilotus alba Sweetclover1 Monarda punctata Spotted beebalm * This species specializes on wild lupine but uses a wide variety of plants for nectar. This is a partial list of nectar plants used by this species. 1 Non‐native 2 This genus includes native and nonnative species; some of the nonnative species are invasive. 3.3.1 References Chan, P.K., and L
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Chapter 3. Imperiled Pollinator Profiles 3-14 3.4 Mitchell's Satyr Butterfly (Neonympha mitchellii mitchellii) Jan Feb Mar April May June July Aug Sept Oct Nov Dec Adult Larvae Adult Mitchell's satyr butterfly (top left)
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Chapter 3. Imperiled Pollinator Profiles 3-15 bivoltine, with adult flight occurring from late May through late June as well as early August through early September. Adults will lay eggs on a variety of plants.
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Chapter 3. Imperiled Pollinator Profiles 3-16 3.4.1 References Hamm, C.A., V Rademacher, D.A.
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Chapter 3. Imperiled Pollinator Profiles 3-17 through fall. Blanket spraying of herbicides can affect the health of bumble bees in the area by reducing floral resources.
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Chapter 3. Imperiled Pollinator Profiles 3-18 3.5.2 Southern Plains Bumble Bee (Bombus fraternus) Jan Feb Mar April May June July Aug Sept Oct Nov Dec Adult Adult Southern Plains bumble bee (top left)
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Chapter 3. Imperiled Pollinator Profiles 3-19 3.5.3 American Bumble Bee (Bombus pensylvanicus) Jan Feb Mar April May June July Aug Sept Oct Nov Dec Adult Adult American bumble bee (top left)
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Chapter 3. Imperiled Pollinator Profiles 3-20 3.5.4 Variable Cuckoo Bumble Bee (Bombus variabilis) Jan Feb Mar April May June July Aug Sept Oct Nov Dec Adult Adult variable cuckoo bumble bee (top left)
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Chapter 3. Imperiled Pollinator Profiles 3-21 Hatfield, R., S Jepsen, E
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Chapter 3. Imperiled Pollinator Profiles 3-22 How to recognize: This is a small brown butterfly with intricate patterns that are similar to those of congeners such as the Henry's elfin but distinguished from them by a small dark spot on the ventral surface near the forewing apex. Life cycle: This species has a single brood per year, with adults flying from late March or early April through May.
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Chapter 3. Imperiled Pollinator Profiles 3-23 Species Name Common Name Rubus spp. Blackberries2 1 Likely host plant 2 This genus includes native and nonnative species; some of the nonnative species are invasive 3.6.1 References NatureServe.
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Chapter 3. Imperiled Pollinator Profiles 3-24 Where it occurs: Found in dry habitats (e.g., sand, prairies, savannas, open woodlands)
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Chapter 3. Imperiled Pollinator Profiles 3-25 Species Name Common Name Nectar Plants Liatris aspera Rough blazing star1 Liatris punctata Blazing star1 Verbena spp. Verbenas Cirsium spp. Thistles3 Aster spp. Asters Dipsacus spp. Teasel2 1 Favored nectar source 2 Non‐native 3 This genus includes native and nonnative species; some of the nonnative species are invasive. 3.7.1 References Minnesota Department of Natural Resources.
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Chapter 3. Imperiled Pollinator Profiles 3-26 (bottom) . Larvae spend time in aboveground shelters during "active" time listed here (see Life Cycle for more)
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Chapter 3. Imperiled Pollinator Profiles 3-27 by reducing woody plant invasion. However, mowing in late summer is likely to kill larvae that are sheltering aboveground in grasses.
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Chapter 3. Imperiled Pollinator Profiles 3-28 3.8.1 References Minnesota Department of Natural Resources.
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Chapter 3. Imperiled Pollinator Profiles 3-29 Life cycle: Adults can be observed from mid-September through the end of October. Females lay eggs on rattlesnake-master (Eryngium yuccifolium)
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Chapter 3. Imperiled Pollinator Profiles 3-30 3.10 Regal Fritillary (Speyeria idalia) Jan Feb Mar April May June July Aug Sept Oct Nov Dec Adult Larvae Adult regal fritillary (top left)
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Chapter 3. Imperiled Pollinator Profiles 3-31 Habitat needs: The species prefers grasslands with violets and high-quality nectar sources (Asclepias, Echinacea, Liatris, Monarda, Verbena, etc.)
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Chapter 3. Imperiled Pollinator Profiles 3-32 Species name Common name Nectar plants Asclepias purpurascens Purple milkweed Asclepias sullivantiiD Prairie milkweed Asclepias syriaca Common milkweed Asclepias tuberosa Butterfly milkweed Cephalanthus occidentalis Buttonbush Cirsium spp. Thistles1 Echinacea pallida Pale purple coneflower Echinacea purpurea Purple coneflower Liatris pycnostachya Prairie blazing star Monarda fistulosa Wild bergamot Pycnanthemum tenuifolium Slender mountain mint 1 This genus includes native and nonnative species; some of the nonnative species are invasive. 3.10.1 References NatureServe.
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