Oil in the Sea IV Quick Guide for Practitioners and Researchers (2023) / Chapter Skim
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Additional Research Recommendations
Additional Research Recommendations
Pages 68-84
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From page 68... ...
Research Recommended to Advance Oil Spill Response and Minimize Effects 4.1 New Fuel Types and Oilfield Production Products: The effectiveness of various response techniques and their windows of opportunity in responding to hybrid fuel oil, particularly low sulfur fuel oils, and to diluted bitumen ("dilbit") oilfield products, must be carefully evaluated.
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From page 69... ...
At present, it is challenging to create a complete and comprehensive picture from the results of multiple uncoordinated studies with a narrow focus, as these studies are conducted with different goals and conditions in mind and do not lend themselves to a seamless integration. 4.3 Health and Safety Risks to Response Professionals: Research into health risks to and psychological impacts on response personnel involved in various types of response operations should be conducted.
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From page 70... ...
Research Needs to Better Understand Fates of Oil in the Marine Environment 5.1 Physical Mechanisms Affecting the Fate of Oil: With new laboratory facilities and methods, significant progress has been made in measuring droplet size distributions for oil jet breakup and for dispersion of floating oil. These data can be used to develop and test models for oil droplet size distribution; however, because the reduced-scale laboratory experiments do not match the field-scale parameter space, field-scale data for oil and gas breakup and dispersion remain an important need.
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From page 71... ...
Furthermore, it is not known how the phenomenon of the "lag phase" often seen in laboratory studies of anaerobic biodegradation is manifested in situ; this would affect the time scale of natural attenuation in anaerobic sites. Thus, further research is needed to better understand the kinetics and range of anaerobic biodegradation of oil in the sea as a component of natural attenuation assessment.
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From page 72... ...
DWH response involved an unprecedented magnitude of SSDI; and (3) in recent decades significant advances in field sampling and monitoring techniques and instruments (e.g., sediment traps/particle interceptor traps, core sampling of undisturbed surface sediments, and underwater imaging)
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From page 73... ...
5.4 Fates of Oil in Remote Sites: Some ecosystems have been understudied due to their inaccessibility, such as the Arctic and deep sea; regarding the technical difficulties of Arctic research. Within the Arctic, there is a critical research need to collect new data to validate oil-in-ice transport algorithms; to correlate predictions of ice evolution models with mechanisms controlling oil fate and transport; to develop new, more process-oriented models of oil interaction with ice; and to propose observing systems that can be used during oil spill response to collect the data needed to make accurate oil fate and trajectory predictions.
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From page 74... ...
The newly mandated marine fuel oil classes are known to be highly variable in composition, but very little is currently known about evaporation, gelling, dispersion, shoreline adherence, and so on. Because the fuels will be used globally, it is essential that laboratory and in situ experiments be conducted under different environmental conditions to increase knowledge and awareness of their potential fates.
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From page 75... ...
Research Recommended to Advance Understanding of the Effects of Oil in the Sea on the Marine Environment 6.1 Natural Seeps: As relatively understudied habitats, research is needed to increase our understanding of unique chemosynthetic communities near natural seeps, especially deeper sea locations, to identify novel species/biochemical pathways and chemosynthesis, and to identify bacteria that may be useful in oil spill response (i.e., oil degraders) , and to understand how organisms and communities respond to the presence of oil.
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From page 76... ...
The longer-term study with multiple integrated features of the salt marsh ecosystem points to the need for these types of studies to integrate the multiple aspects of contamination, salt marsh ecology, trophic structure, predator-prey dynamics, understanding of microhabitats within the marsh, and an integrated approach from genetics and enzymatic responses to ecosystem-level effects. 6.5 Marine Vertebrates: Studies focused on better estimation of mortalities of seabirds, marine mammals, and sea turtles during future spills of opportunity are needed.
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From page 77... ...
oiling categories with chemical characterization of hydrocarbons would benefit subsequent field studies and comparison of effects results based primarily on the four-tier SCAT categories. Also, the use of statistically-based sampling methods to estimate upper and lower bounds of the extent and intensity of shoreline oiling, including estimates of subsurface oil, would permit meaningful comparisons among sampling periods to estimate temporal trends of oil persistence.
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From page 78... ...
2. Revisit and update standard procedures for the preparation and characterization of toxicity test media, and the conduct of toxicity tests, including control of additional covariables and how they are reported (e.g., updating the CROSERF protocols)
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From page 79... ...
5. Studies on the effects of surface oil ingested by fish for cardiotoxic effects of polycyclic aromatic compounds from surface oil and on fish embryos should be supported in laboratory studies and during future spills of opportunity.
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From page 80... ...
Longer-term follow-up of cohorts of women pregnant during the DWH oil spill and of community children should be performed. An increase in the limited amount of toxicological information on the potential reproductive and developmental effects of crude oil derivatives possibly reaching shore communities would also be useful.
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From page 81... ...
STUDY STAFF: Kelly Oskvig, Study Director; Megan May, Associate Program Officer; Kenza Sidi-Ali-Cherif, Program Assistant; Grace Callahan, Program Assistant; Nancy Huddleston, Director of Communications and Media; Solmaz Spence, Communications Specialist; Paige Nankey, Communications Associate. The study was sponsored by the American Petroleum Institute, the Bureau of Ocean Energy Management, the Bureau of Safety and Environmental Enforcement, Fisheries and Oceans Canada, the Gulf of Mexico Research Initiative, and the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine's Presidents' Circle Fund.
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From page 82... ...
Dzau is president. The three Academies work together as the National Academies of Sciences, Engineering, and Medicine to provide independent, objective analysis and advice to the nation and conduct other activities to solve complex problems and inform public policy decisions.
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