Constructing Valid Geospatial Tools for Environmental Justice (2024) / Chapter Skim
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Appendix C: Screening Tools Examined by the Committee
Appendix C: Screening Tools Examined by the Committee
Pages 253-276
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From page 253... ...
To facilitate comparison of the tools, the committee created a matrix to summarize information about each tool (e.g., purpose of tool; geographic resolution; methodology employed to rank, compare, or score the index; categories or themes with corresponding indicators used; and data sources.) 1 See the Climate and Economic Justice Screening Tool (CEJST)
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Categories/Themes Indicators Climate Change Expected agriculture loss rate ≥ 90th percentile OR Expected building loss rate ≥ 90th percentile OR Expected population loss rate ≥ 90th percentile OR Projected flood risk ≥ 90th percentile OR Projected wildfire risk ≥ 90th percentile Energy Energy cost ≥ 90th percentile OR PM2.5 in the air ≥ 90th percentile Health Asthma ≥ 90th percentile OR, Diabetes ≥ 90th percentile OR, Heart disease ≥ 90th percentile OR, Low life expectancy ≥ 90th percentile Categories/Themes Indicators Housing Historic underinvestment = Yes OR, Housing cost ≥ 90th percentile OR, Lack of green space ≥ 90th percentile OR, Lack of indoor plumbing ≥ 90th percentile OR, Lead paint ≥ 90th percentile Legacy Pollution Abandoned mine land present = Yes OR Formerly used defense site present = Yes OR Proximity to hazardous waste facilities ≥ 90th percentile (treatment, storage and disposal facilities) OR, Proximity to Superfund or National Priorities List sites ≥ 90th percentile OR, Proximity to Risk Management Plan sites ≥ 90th percentile.
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. Data Sources • Census, American Community Survey • Centers for Disease Control and Prevention (CDC)
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Geography U.S. Census Tracts Method Percentile-Based Ranking.
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; Black and African American, not Hispanic or Latino; American Indian and Alaska Native, not Hispanic or Latino; Asian, not Hispanic or Latino; Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islander, not Hispanic or Latino; Two or more races, not Hispanic or Latino; Other races, not Hispanic or Latino Housing Type & Transportation Multiunit structures Mobile homes Crowding No vehicle Group quarters Adjunct Variables An estimate of daytime population derived from LandScan 2020 estimates 2016–2020 ACS estimates for households without a computer with a broadband Internet subscription 2016–2020 ACS estimates for Hispanic/Latino persons, not Hispanic or Latino Black/African American persons, not Hispanic or Latino Asian persons, not Hispanic or Latino American Indian and Alaska Native persons, not Hispanic or Latino Native Hawaiian and Other Pacific Islander persons, not Hispanic or Latino persons of two or more races, and not Hispanic or Latino persons of some other race Data Sources • American Community Survey (ACS) , 2016–2020 (5-year)
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Geography U.S. Census Tracts/County Method Definitions Risk: The National Risk Index defines risk as the possibility of negative outcomes due to natural hazards.
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Data Sources • Sources for EAL data include: o Alaska Department of Natural Resources, o Arizona State University's Center for Emergency Management and Homeland Security, o California Department of Conservation, o California Office of Emergency Services o California Geological Survey, o Colorado Avalanche Information Center, o CoreLogic's Flood Services, o Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) National Flood Insurance Program, o Humanitarian Data Exchange, o Iowa State University's Iowa Environmental Mesonet, o Multi-Resolution Land Characteristics Consortium, o National Aeronautics and Space Administration's (NASA's)
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• Boundaries for counties and Census tracts are based on the U.S. Census Bureau's 2021 TIGER/Line shapefiles.
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Purpose EPA characterizes EJSCREEN as a pre-decisional screening tool not designed for decision making or determinations regarding the existence or absence of environmental justice concerns. Geography 2011–2017 American Community Survey Block Groups 50 States + District of Columbia, Puerto Rico.
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Geography Census tracts (year not denoted) Includes geographies not denoted in methodology, but provides shapefile; includes 50 states + District of Columbia Geography of territories in shapefile but no data provided (listed as 0)
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Smart Location Database v2.0 • EPA EJSCREEN • Federal Emergency Management Agency (FEMA) National Risk Index • Housing and Urban Development Exchange • FEMA Resilience Analysis and Planning Tool (GINI Index)
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Geography Census tracts (year not denoted) EJI 2022 includes only the continental United States (48 states plus the District of Columbia)
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Mine Safety and Health Administration Mine Data Retrieval System • TomTom MultiNet® Enterprise Dataset • U.S. Census Bureau American Community Survey 2015–2019 • EPA National Walkability Index • EPA Watershed Index Online
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Non-grid-connected heating fuel Outage duration Outage events Transportation costs Environmental and Climate Hazards Cancer risk Climate hazard loss of life estimates Diesel Homes built before 1960 National Priority List proximity PM2.5 Risk Management Plan site proximity Traffic proximity Treatment, storage and disposal facilities proximity Water discharge Socioeconomic Vulnerabilities 30-minute commute Disabled population Food desert Homelessness
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5-year estimates, 2015–2019 • Longitudinal Employer-Household Dynamics Survey • EPA Environmental Justice Screening Tool (EJScreen) • Census Tract–City Place Relationship Table • Low-Income Energy Affordability Data Tool • Current Employment Statistics • Electric Emergency Incident and Disturbance Report • Food Access Research Atlas Data • Housing and Transportation Affordability Index (H+T® Index)
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Model's components that contribute to cumulative impacts include Pollution Burden with subcomponents Exposures, Environmental Impacts; Population Characteristics with subcomponents Sensitive Populations and Socioeconomic Factors. Categories/Themes Indicators Exposure Ozone concentration in air, PM2.5 concentration in air, diesel particulate matter in air, drinking water contaminants, children's lead risk from housing, use of high-hazard, high-volatility pesticides, toxic releases from facilities Environmental Impacts; Population Toxic cleanup sites, groundwater threats from leaving Characteristics with Subcomponents underground storage sites and cleanup sites, hazardous waste facilities and generators, impaired water bodies, solid waste sites and facilities Sensitive Populations Asthma emergency department visits, cardiovascular diseases (emergency department visits for heart attacks)
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APPENDIX C 269 TABLE C.8 Continued Data Sources • California Air Resources Board • California Emissions Inventory Development and Reporting System • Water Boundary Tool–Tracking California • California Residential Parcel Data–Digital Map Products • California Department of Pesticide Regulation • EPA Toxics Release Inventory • TomTom Find/Route/Display • EnviroStor Cleanup Sites Database • Department of Toxic Substances Control • State Water Resources Control Board • EnviroStor Hazardous Waste Facilities Database • Solid Waste Information System • California Department of Resources Recycling and Recovery • California Office of Statewide Health Planning and Development • California Department of Public Health • American Community Survey–US Census Bureau • Comprehensive Housing Affordability Strategy–Housing and Urban Development
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Categories/Themes Indicators Concentrated Areas of Air Pollution Ground-level ozone Fine particulate matter Cancer risk from diesel particulate matter Cancer risk from air toxics excluding diesel particulate matter Noncancer risk from air toxics Mobile Sources of Air Pollution Traffic -- cars, light- and medium-duty trucks Traffic -- heavy-duty trucks Railways Contaminated Sites Known contaminated sites Soil contamination deed restrictions Groundwater classification exception areas/currently known extent restrictions Transfer Stations Solid waste facilities Scrap metal facilities Point Sources of Water Pollution Surface water Combined sewer overflows Factors with Potential to Cause Public Drinking water Health Issues Potential lead exposure Lack of recreational open space Lack of tree canopy Impervious surface Flooding (urban land cover) Density/Proximity Stressors Emergency planning sites Permitted air sites New Jersey Pollutant Discharge Elimination System (NJPDES)
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• Combined Sewer Overflow (NJ Open Data Portal) • NJ Private Well Data • American Community Survey • NJ Recreational Open Spaces Inventory Database • U.S.
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are created using data from the 2019 American Community Survey and the Census Bureau's Population Estimates Program about individuals and households. Local leaders, policy makers, public health authorities, and community members can utilize these estimates to evaluate how well communities might cope with challenges and to devise strategies for lessening the impact and facilitating recovery.
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These overviews offer a uniform perspective on diverse spatial data, enabling users to explore the convergence of climate data with other federal informational resources such as the Climate and Economic Justice Screening Tool and the Tracking of Building Code Adoption. Geography Census tract/county Method N/A Categories/Themes Components of Mapping Tool Climate Data Summaries, Climate and Economic Drought Justice Screening Tool, FEMA's Nationwide Inland flooding Building Code Adoption Tracking, Coastal Coastal flooding Inundation, Current Flooding Hazards, Census Extreme heat TIGER/Lines Wildfire Coastal inundation Demographics Data Sources • U.S.
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This understanding helps ensure that investments effectively target the transportation-related issues causing disadvantage, thereby ensuring that the benefits are appropriately addressing these concerns. Geography Census tract Method Composite index Percentile-based ranking Measures cumulative burden Categories/Themes Indicators Environmental Burdens Ozone PM2.5 Diesel particulate matter Air toxics cancer risk Hazardous site proximity Toxic release site proximity Treatment and disposal proximity Risk management plan sites Coal mine proximity Lead mine proximity Impaired surface water High-volume road proximity Railway proximity Airport proximity Port proximity Pre-1980 housing Percent over 65 years Percent under 17 years Percent disabled Limited English proficiency Percent mobile homes 200% poverty line High school graduation status Unemployment House tenure Housing cost burden Percent uninsured Social Vulnerabilities Percent lacking Internet Endemic inequality
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2022 • Point data retrieved for nonabandoned coal mine and nonabandoned lead mine locations from the Mine Safety Administration • Point data for hazardous sites, toxics release sites, treatment, storage and disposal sites, and Risk Management Plan sites from the EPA Facility Registry Service. • Data on high-volume roads sourced from the Highway Performance Monitoring System • Railway and airport locations obtained from the Bureau of Transportation Statistics Geospatial dataset • Impaired water data were from EPA Watershed Index Online • Health Vulnerability indicator data obtained from the Centers for Disease Control and Prevention PLACES 2020 • Hospital proximity data from the American Community Survey (ACS)
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From page 276... ...
Categories/Themes Indicators State-Designated The annual median household income is 65% or less of the statewide annual Environmental Justice median household income, OR Categories Minorities make up 40% or more of the population, OR 25% or more of households identify as speaking English less than "very well," OR Minorities make up 25% or more of the population and the annual median household income of the municipality in which the neighborhood is located does not exceed 150% of the statewide annual median household income Vulnerable Health Envi- Heart attack ronmental Justice Criteria Childhood blood lead level ≥5 µg/dL Low birth weight Asthma Data Sources • Massachusetts Center for Health Information Analysis • Massachusetts Registry of Vital Records and Statistics • Massachusetts Department of Public Health Childhood Lead Poisoning Prevention Program • Decennial Census and American Community Survey 5-year estimate
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