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From page 43... ... NUTRIENTS IN WATER FOR LIVESTOCK ANDPOULTRY 37 Iron at mean concentrations in water provides less than \| percent of the daily requirements of horses and less for beef and dairy cattle, swine, and poultry. At maximum concentrations, approximately 12-60 percent could be provided. Read the entire page →
From page 44... ... 38 Nutrients and Toxic Substances in Water for Livestock and Poultry cent of the requirements of 8-week-old chickens and laying hens and those of sheep. At maximum concentrations, approximately 2 times the requirements of sheep and poultry were available and approxi- mately 6-27 times those of beef and dairy cattle and medium working horses. Read the entire page →
From page 45... ... SALINITY OF WATER AS RELATED TO LIVESTOCK PRODUCTION Highly saline waters are usually found in the arid or semiarid areas of the world, although they may also occur where seawater contaminates ground sources or in other special circumstances. It has long been known that man or animal restricted to such waters may suffer physio- logical upset or death. Read the entire page →
From page 46... ... 40 Nutrients and Toxic Substances in Water for Livestock and Poultry While research on the effects of saline waters on animals has been somewhat limited, there now has been enough reported to allow for the drafting of preliminary guidelines for their use for livestock. The following discussion reviews this research and sets forth some guide- lines based on it. Read the entire page →
From page 47... ... SALINITY OF WATER AS RELATED TO LIVESTOCK PRODUCTION 41 was placed on control water without added salt. During the treatment period, scouring was severe. Read the entire page →
From page 48... ... 42 Nutrients and Toxic Substances in Water for Livestock and Poultry magnesium sulfates were reluctant to drink, scoured, staggered, became stiff and blind, and in some cases died. In still another case, he reported that nursing cows in a herd collapsed, were unable to rise, and died when restricted to water containing 19,600 mg/liter of sodium sulfate and 2,000 mg/liter of sodium chloride. Read the entire page →
From page 49... ... SALINITY OF WATER AS RELATED TO LIVESTOCK PRODUCTION 43 Next, Peirce (1959) combined magnesium chloride at various levels up to 5,000 mg/liter with sodium chloride to give about 13,000 mg/liter of total salts. Read the entire page →
From page 50... ... 44 Nutrients and Toxic Substances in Water for Livestock and Poultry that sheep apparently will thrive on waters containing about 14,000 mg/liter of total salts but are injured by waters containing 27,000 mg/liter. Reporting on his observations, Ballantyne (1957) Read the entire page →
From page 51... ... SALINITY OF WATER AS RELATED TO LIVESTOCK PRODUCTION 45 mg/liter in the drinking water of growing-finishing pigs. Ballantyne (1957) Read the entire page →
From page 52... ... 46 Nutrients and Toxic Substances in Water for Livestock and Poultry some heart enlargement, lung congestion, and other symptoms. Gen- eralized edema was absent. Read the entire page →
From page 53... ... SALINITY OF WATER AS RELATED TO LIVESTOCK PRODUCTION 47 Chemical Laboratories (1950) of Australia have recommended 2,860 mg/liter as the upper safe limit for salts in drinking waters for poultry. Read the entire page →
From page 54... ... 48 Nutrients and Toxic Substances in Water for Livestock and Poultry the sodium sulfate (7,100 and 10,650 mg/liter) Read the entire page →
From page 55... ... SALINITY OF WATER AS RELATED TO LIVESTOCK PRODUCTION 49 2. If animals are offered two sources of water, one highly saline and the other not, they will not drink the highly saline water. Read the entire page →
From page 56... ... 50 Nutrients and Toxic Substances in Water for Livestock and Poultry production may be expected to show deleterious effects from waters of lower salts content than animals on a maintenance regimen. Read the entire page →
From page 57... ... TOXIC ELEMENTS AND SUBSTANCES IN WATER Whether from natural or human sources, water occasionally contains elements or substances in toxic amounts. Unfortunately, only limited information is available on experimentally determined toxic levels of various substances in water for livestock and poultry. Read the entire page →
From page 58... ... 52 Nutrients and Toxic Substances in Water for Livestock and Poultry times be significant factors. Finally, intake of toxic substances that cause no measurable effect on growth, production, or reproduction may cause subcellular damage that expresses itself as increased sus- ceptibility to disease or to parasitic invasion. Read the entire page →
From page 59... ... TOXIC ELEMENTS AND SUBSTANCES INWATER 53 In addition to the summaries on toxic substances compiled in Tables 11 and 12, the following discussion contains certain other information that may be useful in arriving at decisions on the use of waters contain- ing potential toxicants. Arsenic, well-known for its toxicity and tendency to accumulate un- der some conditions in certain tissues or fluids, has also been accused of being a carcinogen. Read the entire page →
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From page 43...

... NUTRIENTS IN WATER FOR LIVESTOCK ANDPOULTRY 37 Iron at mean concentrations in water provides less than | percent of the daily requirements of horses and less for beef and dairy cattle, swine, and poultry. At maximum concentrations, approximately 12-60 percent could be provided.