Carbon Utilization Infrastructure, Markets, and Research and Development A Final Report (2024) / Chapter Skim
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needs for CO2 and coal waste utilization in a net-zero emissions future, as requested by Congress in the Energy Act of 2020. The committee focused on regional and national market opportunities, 1 For this report, net-zero emissions is the assumed final state of a safe climate system, although during and after the transition to net zero, periods of net-positive and net-negative emissions are both likely.
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Priority product classes identified were fuels, construction materials, polymers, agrochemicals, chemicals and chemical intermediates, food and animal feed, and elemental carbon materials, at potential global scales of megatonnes to gigatonnes for individual products. Coal waste utilization market opportunities include long-lived products like construction materials and elemental carbon materials, as well as metals and minerals.
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biological pathways for CO2 conversion into organic chemicals and fuels. Coal waste utilization included use of carbon, rare earth elements, critical minerals, and other energy-relevant minerals.
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CC BY 3.0. FIGURE S-2 Summary of the feedstocks, processes, product classes, and product services for CO2 and coal waste utilization.
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Inorganic carbonates have applications as supplementary cementitious material, in concrete cured with CO2, and as aggregates, all used primarily for construction materials. Technologies under development include carbonation of natural minerals or alkaline industrial wastes, enhanced carbon uptake by construction materials, electrolytic or biologically enhanced mineralization of brine and seawater, alternative cementitious materials and mineralization pathways (e.g., magnesium-based materials, pathways involving organic acids)
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Processes converting CO2 to elemental carbon materials have several common challenges, including limited research to date, difficulty comparing across approaches, substantial energy requirements, and limited understanding of system stability and selectivity. Research needs include developing foundational knowledge across the four conversion types (Recommendation 6-1)
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chemical and plasmachemical technologies require improved fundamental understanding of the steps from light absorption to reduction of CO2 and of plasma-catalyst interactions, and improved reactor design and reaction engineering. Tandem catalysis and integrated capture and conversion of CO2 could allow access to new products and improve energy efficiency, respectively.
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Opportunities include developing photomixotrophic approaches that combine photosynthesis with chemolithotrophy, including in co-cultured conditions; enhancing acetogenic fermentation, including finding product targets beyond acetate; and discovering and scaling up processes. Major challenges for hybrid systems include providing suitable electron donors; discovering or engineering bioconversion systems capable of high-rate conversion to single-carbon compounds; and improving scalability, economic viability, and process integration to facilitate commercialization.
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Materials derived from acid mine drainage include pigments and critical minerals; from impoundment wastes include materials for use in construction, energy storage, and 3D printing, carbon fiber, and carbon foam; and from coal combustion residuals include materials for use in cement, concrete blocks, asphalt, drywall, and critical minerals. Coal waste contains hazardous components such as heavy metals and v olatile organic compounds, necessitating risk assessments for materials with the potential to leach hazardous components, health assessment of occupational and user exposures, and product performance evaluation for applications in construction, manufacturing, and industry.
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This report identifies opportunities and challenges for CO2 utilization infrastructure planning at the regional or national scale and evaluates potential economic, climate, environmental, health, safety, justice, and societal impacts of CO2 utilization infrastructure. Existing infrastructure for CO2 utilization includes 20 megatonnes (Mt)
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Focus on reaction- and systems-level understanding will be most important for advancing chemical and biological CO2 conversion, while mineralization and coal waste utilization require increased support for demonstration and deployment efforts. Research to support markets, technology assessments, policy/equity, and infrastructure includes identifying market opportunities for CO2- and coal waste–derived products, developing tools to assess economic, societal, and environmental impacts of CO2 utilization processes, understanding public perception of CO2 utilization, and designing modeling and tools to support safe, efficient infrastructure development.
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indicate which process(es) -- mineralization, chemical conversion, biological conversion, and/or coal waste utilization -- have RD&D needs in each theme.
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