Carbon Utilization Infrastructure, Markets, and Research and Development A Final Report (2024) / Chapter Skim
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10 CO2 Utilization Infrastructure
10 CO2 Utilization Infrastructure
Pages 359-402
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From page 359... ...
The committee considers how carbon utilization fits into larger needs and opportunities for carbon capture and storage (CCS) infrastructure and describes the economic, climate, and environmental impacts of a wellintegrated CO2 pipeline system as applied to carbon utilization.
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From page 360... ...
Overarching recommendations from the committee's first report provided opportunities to integrate CO2 utilization infrastructure with infrastructure for CCS, clean electricity, clean hydrogen, and other enabling inputs. For example, the committee recommended that CCS infrastructure be designed with the flexibility to connect to CO2 utilization processes and technologies in the future (Recommendation 6.2, NASEM 2023a, p.
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From page 361... ...
(2021) United States 300–2400 MTPA Decarb Americaf United States 14 MTPA Net-Zero Northwestg,h Montana, Idaho, Washington, and Oregon 304.7 MTPA Great Plains Institutei Mid-Atlantic Direct Air 2000 TPAj 7.5 MTPAk 40–320 MTPA NRDCc United States Capture 90–600 MTPA Decarb Americaf United States 690–2260 MTPA Rhodium Groupl United States 24.5 MTPA Net-Zero Northwestg Montana, Idaho, Washington, and Oregon CO2 CO2 5354 milesm 2280 milesn 65,000–70,000 Princeton Net-Zero United States Transport Pipelines miles Americad 29,0000 miles Great Plains Institutee Midwest, Gulf Coast and Rockies 96,000 miles Pathways to United States (stress Commercial Liftoff: case)
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From page 362... ...
Adopting mixed modes of CO2 transport, such as pipelines, ships, trains, and trucks, can be an efficient solution to address the transportation gap, and this approach is explored in Section 10.3.1. Enabling infrastructure in the form of clean electricity and clean hydrogen production capacity must scale up significantly to achieve net-zero goals.
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From page 363... ...
10.2.1 Direct Air Capture Hubs In August 2023, DOE selected two (of four total to be chosen) DAC projects for award negotiations as part of the Regional Direct Air Capture Hubs program authorized and appropriated in the Infrastructure Investment and Jobs Act (IIJA)
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364 CARBON UTILIZATION INFRASTRUCTURE, MARKETS, AND RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT FIGURE 10-1 Locations of DOE-funded direct air capture projects, where yellow circles indicate DAC hubs, orange circles indicate engineering design studies, and blue circles indicate feasibility studies. The size of the circle denotes the relative amount of DOE funding that each project will receive.
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and 3 million miles of natural gas pipelines (EIA 2024)
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California California Renewable Public transportation, heavy-duty 220,000 2 Mt/yr Hydrogen Hub electricity and trucking, port operations (130,000 construction; biomass 90,000 permanent) Gulf Coast Texas Natural gas with Fuel cell electric trucks, industrial 45,000 7 Mt/yr Hydrogen Hub carbon capture processes, ammonia production, (35,000 construction; and renewable marine fuel, refineries and 10,000 permanent)
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U.S. Carbon Clean Air Task Capture Map of carbon capture projects that are https://www.catf.us/ Capture Activity Force operational or in development, differentiated ccsmapus and Project Map by capture capacity and subsector.
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From page 368... ...
. These could be prime locations for future CO2 utilization infrastructure development, in line with the committee's recommendations in its first report to support development of industrial clusters for CCUS and identify opportunities to co-locate utilization with existing CO2 transport infrastructure (Recommendations 6.3 and 6.5, NASEM 2023a)
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The following subsections describe a few case studies of CO2 transportation infrastructure development at different locations and CO2 emission scales, taking into account the optimization methodologies for multimodal transport described above. For each case study, implications and opportunities for CO2 utilization are discussed.
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From page 370... ...
In cases where onsite utilization of captured CO2 may not be a feasible option, deployment of optimal multimodal CO2 transport solutions and "right-size" infrastructure is an attractive addition to the mitigation portfolio 3 EPA's Greenhouse Gas Reporting Program requires facilities that emit greater than 25,000 metric tons CO2e per year to report their emissions annually.
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From page 371... ...
On the other hand, many industrial facilities in the Gulf Coast region are large emitters, each generating substantial volumes of CO2 for utilization, but likewise
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From page 372... ...
refining and petrochemicals manufacturing (EIA 2023b) , making it a prime opportunity for deployment of point-source carbon capture.
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From page 373... ...
. Use of fossil CO2 to make short-lived products from large point sources could be considered in the near term, wherein fossil CO2-based production replaces similar production from oil or natural gas in demand-limited market scenarios (see Section 10.4.5)
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From page 374... ...
The final investment decision for Porthos was made in October 2023, construction of the Porthos infrastructure will start in 2024, and the system is expected to be operational starting in 2026. 10.3.2 Retrofitting Existing Infrastructure for CO2 Capture, Transport, and Utilization 10.3.2.1 Addition of Carbon Capture to Existing Industrial Facilities to Enable CO2 Utilization DOE's Industrial Decarbonization Roadmap (DOE 2022b)
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From page 375... ...
10.3.2.2 Conversion of Existing Natural Gas and Oil Pipelines for Transporting CO2, Hydrogen, or CO2-Derived Products The committee's first report examined the feasibility of retrofitting natural gas pipelines for transporting CO2, finding that this would have to be determined using rigorous systems analysis on a case-by-case basis given the large number of parameters involved (Finding 4.8, NASEM 2023a)
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From page 376... ...
For both options, the cost may be greater than new pipe installation. However, studies have shown that, in some cases, converting existing natural gas pipelines into dedicated hydrogen pipelines could reduce hydrogen transmission costs by 20–60 percent compared to constructing new hydrogen pipelines because of savings across the entire value chain of materials, the permitting and time expense, land use acquisition costs, construction costs, and costs of additional infrastructure (e.g., compression, power)
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The committee's first report detailed these enabling infrastructure requirements to supply clean electricity, clean hydrogen, water, land, and energy storage for CO2 utilization projects (Chapter 4 of NASEM 2023a) , and the committee refers readers to that discussion for more information.
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From page 378... ...
: • Hydrogen has a much greater flammability range than natural gas and hence is more likely to combust. • Because hydrogen is the smallest chemical element, it readily diffuses through most materials, and thus hydrogen pipelines are more susceptible to leaks than CO2 or natural gas pipelines.
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From page 379... ...
Furthermore, as discussed in the committee's first report, many regions with abundant renewable resources are water stressed (Finding 4.14, NASEM 2023a) , which could limit deployment of CO2 utilization projects that require water (e.g., some carbon capture technologies, algae cultivation, and hydrogen production)
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tric power and industrial facilities with potential for waste heat supply, natural gas availability for heat with carbon capture, 4 and optimal climate and atmospheric conditions for DAC. Darker coloring indicates greater opportunity for DAC deployment.
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From page 381... ...
escribe the economic, climate, and environmental impacts of any well-integrated national carbon dioxide pipeline system as applied for carbon utilization purposes." Recognizing that pipelines are only one component of the infrastructure needed to support CO2 utilization -- and, in fact, may not be required for all CO2 utilization opportunities -- this section also considers impacts of carbon capture, enabling inputs like hydrogen and water, and industrial facility siting and development. 10.4.1 Economic and Cost Impacts of Infrastructure Development for CO2 Utilization Potential infrastructure deployment scenarios for utilization, such as those described in Section 10.3.1 above, are speculative.
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From page 382... ...
. Because IRA incentives improve the economic viability of carbon capture for steel, cement, refineries, and natural gas- and coal-fired power generation, around 200 million tons of CO2 could be captured from industry and power generation per year by the mid-2030s (Jenkins et al.
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From page 383... ...
: 2780 Operations phase: 342 Navigator CO2 Illinois, Iowa, 1300 miles 15 MTPA $3.5 billion Not reported Construction $43 million/yr Solutionsd,e Minnesota, phase: 8000 Nebraska, Operations South Dakota phase: 80 a Summit Carbon Solutions (2023, 2024)
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. GREAT PLAINS INSTITUTE CARBON CAPTURE CO-BENEFITS FIGURE 10-13 Reductions in annual emissions of CO2 (A)
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From page 385... ...
. A recent review found that documented leaks across the present and future hydrogen value chain range widely; for example, from 0.5–1.0 percent for hydrogen production by steam methane reforming, 0.0–1.5 percent for hydrogen production by steam methane reforming with carbon capture, and 0.03–9.2 percent for hydrogen production by water electrolysis (Esquivel-Elizondo et al.
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From page 386... ...
The Carbon Capture Coalition, a nonpartisan group working to facilitate commercial deployment of carbon management, proposed the following measures to increase CO2 pipeline safety while supporting build-out of this infrastructure to meet net-zero emissions goals: "expand first responder training for CO2 pipeline safety incidents; request that PHMSA conduct additional reporting on the public safety record of CO2 pipelines; require that project proponents more rigorously consider potential geohazard impacts on CO2 pipelines during design, siting, construction, and maintenance; carry out a national assessment of the CO2 network necessary to meet netzero emissions" (Carbon Capture Coalition 2023, p.
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From page 387... ...
, the risk of propagating ductile and brittle fractures in CO2 pipelines warrants significant research attention. Rigorous mathematical models need to be validated using realistic-scale test facilities to determine a pipeline's susceptibility to these types of fractures and to identify the appropriate pipeline materials to mitigate these risks.
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From page 388... ...
. The opposition to emerging carbon management technologies like carbon capture and carbon removal mirrors the themes seen in opposition to other emerging industries such as advanced nuclear and hydrogen (NASEM 2023b, 2024)
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From page 389... ...
Lastly, the siting of utilization infrastructure needs to consider the role the end products will play in creating a more just circular economy; understand impacts from infrastructure and use frameworks, such as Community Benefit Agreements and Free, Prior, and Informed Consent, to encourage their just distribution; and incorporate these frameworks into decision-making processes. 10.4.5 CO2 Utilization Infrastructure Considerations and Trade-Offs Infrastructure development is a critical bottleneck for CO2 utilization.
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10.5 CONCLUSIONS Building on the committee's first report, this chapter provides an update on existing CO2 utilization infrastructure and considers economic, climate, environmental, health, safety, and environmental justice impacts of further CO2 utilization infrastructure development. Government and private sector investments in carbon management infrastructure continue to increase, notably through DOE's Regional Direct Air Capture Hubs and Regional Clean Hydrogen Hubs and private development of CO2 pipelines and CCS hubs.
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From page 391... ...
10.5.1 Findings and Recommendations Finding 10-1: CO2 utilization infrastructure development for midcentury net-zero targets -- Although infrastructure to support CO2 utilization (e.g., for CO2 capture, transport, and storage, and generation of clean electricity and clean hydrogen) is expanding, the existing and announced capacities are not on track to meet the projected needs for achieving midcentury net-zero emissions targets.
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From page 392... ...
Finding 10-5: Deployment of carbon capture on industrial facilities -- Current industrial processes were designed without consideration of carbon capture, often leading to the need to capture CO2 from multiple points in the process, or at low concentrations or pressures, which drives up the cost of carbon capture. Future commercial deployments that redesign and reconfigure processes to improve efficiency of heat integration and CO2 capture (e.g., oxy-fuel combustion)
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From page 393... ...
Current science, policy, and public opinion favor use of nonfossil CO2 for products in which CO2 is not permanently sequestered, placing investment risk on the development of a CO2-to-fuels plant using fossil point source CO2. Recommendation 10-6: Establish durable policies to facilitate long-term decisions by industry -- To facilitate long-term investment decisions by industry that are aligned with net-zero goals and that avoid stranded assets, Congress should establish clear, durable policies and direct federal agencies to develop metrics for the use of different CO2 sources in the production of short- and long-lived products, the incentives available for enabling technologies like clean electricity and clean hydrogen, and the meth odologies used to determine compliance with regulations and incentives.
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From page 394... ...
emitters Recommendation 10-2: Evaluate CO2 capture and utilization for small- to medium-scale emitters -- Small- to medium-scale emitters that cannot eliminate emissions through energy efficiency, electrification, and other decarbonization strategies should evaluate the economic feasibility of performing CO2 capture and utilization on site. This may involve deploying renewable electricity generation, clean hydrogen production, modular carbon capture technologies, and utilization processes suited to smallscale conversion.
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From page 395... ...
2020. "Transport Infrastructure for Carbon Capture and Storage." Minneapolis, MN: Great Plains Institute.
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2023. "US Carbon Capture Activity and Project Map." https://www.catf.us/ccsmapus.
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2023. "Carbon Capture: The Fossil Fuel Industry's False Climate Solution." Earthjustice.
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From page 398... ...
2023. "Navigator Kills Its $3.5B Carbon Capture Pipeline Across Iowa, South Dakota, Other States." Des Moines Register, October 20, sec.
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2019. "The Health and Climate Impacts of Carbon Capture and Direct Air Capture." Energy and Environmental Science 12(12)
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From page 400... ...
2019. "Meeting the Dual Challenge: A Roadmap to At-Scale Deployment of Carbon Capture, Use, and Storage." National Petroleum Council.
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2021. "Towards Improved Cost Evaluation of Carbon Capture and Storage from Industry." International Journal of Greenhouse Gas Control 106(March 1)
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From page 402... ...
2024. "Summit Carbon Solutions Announces New Shipper for its Carbon Capture Project." https:// summitcarbonsolutions.com/summit-carbon-solutions-announces-new-shipper-for-its-carbon-capture-project.
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