Carbon Utilization Infrastructure, Markets, and Research and Development A Final Report (2024) / Chapter Skim
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Appendix E: Supplemental Material to the Comprehensive Research Agenda for CO2 and Coal Waste Utilization
Appendix E: Supplemental Material to the Comprehensive Research Agenda for CO2 and Coal Waste Utilization
Pages 441-460
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From page 441... ...
This report's research agenda updates and expands on the one from the 2019 National Academies' report Gaseous Carbon Waste Streams Utilization: Status and Research Needs, differing in three key ways: a change in scope of carbon feedstocks, the focus on products needed for a net-zero future, and advances in the field over the last 5 years. As noted above, the committee was charged with identifying research needs for CO2 and coal waste utilization, specifically for making products that could contribute to a net-zero, circular carbon economy.
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For conversions of CO2 and coal waste, 60% Mineralization Chemical - Elemental Carbon Products 50% Chemical - Organic Products Percent of Research Needs Biological - Organic Products 40% Coal Waste Utilization 30% 20% 10% 0% Basic Applied Demonstration Enabling Research Type FIGURE E-1 Percent of research agenda items from Table 11-3 by research type (basic, applied, demonstration, enabling) for CO2 mineralization, chemical CO2 conversion to elemental carbon products, chemical CO2 conversion to organic products, biological CO2 conversion to organic products, and coal waste utilization, including conversion to long-lived carbon products and extraction of rare earth elements and critical minerals.
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FEDERAL FUNDERS OF CO2 UTILIZATION AND ENABLING TECHNOLOGIES To determine the relevant funding agencies or other actors to include in the research agenda (Table 11-1) , the committee reviewed current research portfolios of federal agencies that work on topics related to this study's scope, including CO2 capture, conversion, and transport; coal waste utilization; critical minerals recovery; LCA and TEA; materials discovery and development; separations; reactor design and engineering; resource mapping; product testing and certification; and environmental and health impacts of technologies.
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TABLE E-1 Carbon Capture and Utilization Research Across Federal Agencies 444 DOE EERE SC Research Category Research Topic FECM* ARPA-E AMMTO IEDO BETO BES BER NSF EPA DOT DoD USGS NOAA Carbon Capture Point source capture • • • • Direct air capture • • • • Direct ocean capture • • • • • CO2 Utilization CO2 conversion • • • • • • • • Mineralization • • • • • • • Integrated capture and • • • • • conversion Algae capture and • • • conversion Coal Waste Utilization Coal waste conversion • • Critical materials • • • • • • • recovery Crosscutting Basic and Materials discovery • • • • • Applied Research and design Materials development • • • at scale Separations • • • Metabolic • understanding Reactor design • • • Feedstock, Technology, Resource mapping • • • and Product Assessments LCA data and tools • • • • • • TEA data and tools • • • • • • Environmental impacts • • at scale Human health risks • • Product testing and • • • certification Infrastructure CO2 transport • • • *
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chemical and TABLE E-2 Classification of Research Themes for CO2 and Coal Waste Utilization Reaction-Level Understanding Systems-Level Understanding Demonstration and Deployment Needs • Fundamental knowledge • Reactor design and reaction • Reactor design and reaction • Catalyst innovation and optimization engineering engineering • Genetic manipulation • Integrated systems • Certification and standards • Metabolic understanding and • Energy efficiency, electrification, and • Enabling technology and engineering alternative heating infrastructure needs • Microbial engineering • Environmental and societal • Resource mapping • Computational modeling and machine considerations for CO2 and coal waste • Research centers and facilities learning utilization technologies • Market opportunities • Separations • Computational modeling and machine learning
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446 CARBON UTILIZATION INFRASTRUCTURE, MARKETS, AND RESEARCH AND DEVELOPMENT Chemical CO2 Biological CO2 Research Theme Mineralization Coal Waste Conversion Conversion Reaction-Level Understanding Fundamental knowledge Catalyst innovation and optimization Genetic manipulation Metabolic understanding and engineering Microbial engineering Computational modeling and machine learning Separations Systems-Level Understanding Reactor design and reaction engineering Integrated systems Energy efficiency, electrification, and alternative heating Environmental and societal considerations for CO2 and coal waste utilization technologies Computational modeling and machine learning Demonstration and Deployment Needs Reactor design and reaction engineering Certification and standards Enabling technology and infrastructure needs Resource mapping Research centers and facilities Market opportunities FIGURE E-2 Areas of research needed for CO2 and coal waste utilization, indicated by gray boxes where a pathway has one or more research needs falling into research themes in categories of reaction-level understanding, systems-level understanding, and demonstration and deployment needs. The patterns show the distribution of research themes across pathways.
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Research agenda items 5-G, 5-K, 6-A, 6-E, 7-H, 7-J, 7-N, 8-C, 8-D, 8-E, 9-F, and 9-K describe needs related to improving fundamental knowledge. Catalyst Innovation and Optimization Discovery, development, and improvement of catalysts is a key research need for many CO2 utilization approaches, including conversion of CO2 to elemental carbon materials, fuels, chemicals, and polymers via thermochemical, electrochemical, photo(electro)
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Atomic- and multi-scale computer simulations can also improve understanding of the complex carbon chemistry involved in transforming waste coal into useful solid-carbon products. Research agenda items 5-F, 7-A, 7-B, 7-E, 7-F, 7-H, 7-I, 7-J, 7-L, 7-N, 8-B, 8-C, and 9-F describe research needs related to computational modeling and machine learning at the reaction level.
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Research agenda items 2-A, 3-A, 3-C, 3-D, 3-E, 3-F, 4-A, 5-D, 5-G, and 9-J describe research needs related to environmental and societal considerations for CO2 and coal waste utilization technologies. Computational Modeling and Machine Learning Computational modeling and machine learning can help to understand and predict behavior of complex systems, providing knowledge that can be exploited to improve system integration, efficiency, safety, environmental
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Research agenda items 5-C, 5-F, 8-G, and 9-D describe research needs–related demonstrations of reactor design and reaction engineering. Certification and Standards In some cases, CO2 and coal waste utilization generate products that are not chemically identical to current products for the same application, so standards and certification methods will need to be developed to ensure that these products meet technical and safety requirements.
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RESEARCH NEEDS DIRECTED TO DOE OFFICES As discussed above, DOE is the primary funder of CO2 and coal waste utilization research, in particular through the sponsoring offices of this study: Fossil Energy and Carbon Management, Basic Energy Sciences, Biological and Environmental Research, and Bioenergy Technologies. Tables E-3 to E-6 present the research agenda items directed to each of these DOE offices.
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Monitoring and evaluating impacts of Basic Mineralization – Construction Fundamental knowledge electrochemically driven CO2 mineralization. Applied electrochemical materials Reactor design and reaction engineering Environmental and societal considerations for CO2 and coal waste utilization technologies
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Applied materials 6-F. Reaction electrification and heat Basic Chemical Elemental carbon Reactor design and reaction engineering integration for CO2 conversion to elemental Applied materials Energy efficiency, electrification, and alternative heating carbon materials.
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Applied Polymers Reactor design and reaction engineering 8-C. Improvements to enzyme efficiency, Basic Biological Chemicals Fundamental knowledge stability, and selectivity and multi-enzyme Applied Polymers Computational modeling and machine learning metabolon design.
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Applied carbon products Metal coal waste by products 9-D. Efficient transformation of waste coal into Applied Coal waste utilization Coal waste-derived Reactor design and reaction engineering long-lived solid carbon products.
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engineering • Environmental and societal considerations for CO2 and coal waste utilization technologies 5-H. CO2 mineralization Basic Mineralization Construction • Reactor design and reaction integrated with metal recovery.
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Development of tandem Basic Chemical Elemental carbon • Integrated systems processes for CO2 conversion to Applied materials • Reactor design and reaction elemental carbon materials. engineering 7-A.
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Applied • Reactor design and reaction engineering 7-N. Catalysts for rapid, Basic Chemical -- Polymers • Fundamental knowledge stereoselective polymerization Applied thermochemical • Catalyst innovation and of CO2 with broader class of optimization monomers.
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Applied Polymers engineering • Reactor design and reaction engineering 8-C. Improvements to enzyme Basic Biological Chemicals • Fundamental knowledge efficiency, stability, and selectivity Applied Polymers • Computational modeling and and multi-enzyme metabolon design.
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2023. "Carbon Utilization Infrastructure, Markets, Research & Development Bioenergy Technologies Office Perspective on the NASEM Study." Presentation to the committee.
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