Carbon Utilization Infrastructure, Markets, and Research and Development A Final Report (2024) / Chapter Skim
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Appendix L: Extraction of Select Critical Minerals from Coal Wastes: Literature Review
Appendix L: Extraction of Select Critical Minerals from Coal Wastes: Literature Review
Pages 504-526
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This review analyzed the extraction method and leaching agent employed in each publication, as well as the resultant leaching efficiencies of REEs, lithium, and nickel, as summarized in Table L-1.
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Extraction Method Leaching Agent Leaching Efficiency Citation Journal Articles REEs Acid leaching H2SO4 or HCl or HNO3 84.3% (maximum achieved) Yang and Honaker (2020)
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(2023a) acid leaching Calcination à water Deionized water à H2SO4 Insufficient information Modi et al.
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in coal fly ash. Microwave-assisted Carbon lampblack powder 83.4% Yakaboylu et al.
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à CH3COOH + Or acid leaching NH2OH HCl à HNO3 + H2O2 à CH3COONH4 (pH=2) Or HCl 4-step sequential NaOAc à NH2OH HCl in ~100% (Class C fly ash)
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60% (Class C fly ash sample) Acid leaching à HNO3 à tributyl phosphate ~100% Wang et al.
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(2018) information HCOOH leaching à Acid leaching Removing Ca, Mg, and Fe with NH4OH à Precipitating REEs with oxalic acid à Decomposing RE2(C2O4)
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citric acid, or succinic acid) Acid leaching HCl ~80% Honaker et al.
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(2018) magnetic separation à acid leaching Acid leaching or HNO3 or electrodialytic >70% (maximum achieved)
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2SO4; or NaOH/KOH à HCl/oxalic acid HREE + CREE Acid leaching H2SO4 80% Honaker et al.
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(2019) separation à size separation 270% à NaOH treatment Direct acid leaching HCl or H2SO4 Insufficient information Taggart (2015)
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re-precipitation Purity: 6% in REE Alkaline pretreatment NaOH à HCl 91% Carlson (2018) à acid leaching Insufficient HF + HNO3 Insufficient information Hsu-Kim et al.
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2022. "The Concentration of Rare Earth Elements from Coal Fly Ash." Journal of the Southern African Institute of Mining and Metallurgy 122(1)
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2018. "Development of Separation and Purification Methods for Producing Rare Earth Elements from Coal Fly Ash." Purdue University.
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2022. "Highly-Efficient and Sequential Recovery of Rare Earth Elements, Alumina and Silica from Coal Fly Ash via a Novel Recyclable ZnO Sinter Method." Journal of Hazardous Materials 437(September)
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2018. "Application of Nanofiltration for Rare Earth Elements Recovery from Coal Fly Ash Leachate: Performance and Cost Evaluation." Chemical Engineering Journal 349(October)
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2020. "Recovery of Rare Earth Elements and Yitrium from Non-Magnetic Coal Fly Ash Using Acetic Acid Solution." Metal Indonesia 42(1)
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2023. "The Mechanism Study on the Integrated Process of NaOH Treatment and Citric Acid Leaching for Rare Earth Elements Recovery from Coal Fly Ash." Journal of Environmental Chemical Engineering 11(3)
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2023. "Sequential Alkaline Organic Acid Leaching Process to Enhance the Recovery of Rare Earth Elements from Indonesian Coal Fly Ash." Journal of Rare Earths September 7.
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2018. "Effects of Roasting Additives and Leaching Parameters on the Extraction of Rare Earth Elements from Coal Fly Ash." International Journal of Coal Geology 196(August)
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2022. "Extraction of Rare Earth Elements from Coal Fly Ash by Alkali Fusion–Acid Leaching: Mechanism Analysis." International Journal of Coal Preparation and Utilization 42(3)
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2022. "The Enhanced Extraction of Rare Earth Elements from Coal Gangue and Coal Fly Ash." Preprint.
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