Toxicants Occurring Naturally in Foods. (1966) / Chapter Skim
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Pages 190-210
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From page 191... ...
SOME UNUSUAL FOODS 18] open and then shows two or three light yellow arilli in the bottom of which are embedded the hard black seeds.
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From page 192... ...
182 nu r 10.
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From page 193... ...
ROSEMARIE OSTWALD and GEORGE M BRIGGS Toxicity of the Vitamins The physiological effect of any food agent or drug depends on the animal species involved, on the amount of the substance administered and its route of administration, and on a number of variables con- cerning the specific individual, such as, age, sex, nutritional state, and presence of disease.
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From page 194... ...
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From page 196... ...
186 ROSEMARIE OSTWALD AND GEORGE M BRIGGS The data in Tables 1, 4, and 5 are compilations of the literature and represent results of investigations under different experimental condi- tions and of varying degrees of reliability.
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From page 197... ...
VITAMINS 187 children, however, the skeletal lesions may be irreparable, and full longitudinal bone growth may not be attained.! 8 In experimental animals, the most characteristic symptoms are spon- taneous fractures and internal hemorrhages.
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From page 198... ...
188 ROSEMARIE OSTWALD AND GEORGE M BRIGGS reviewers!
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From page 199... ...
VITAMINS 189 of carotenoids in the diet, found that the very high serum carotene levels were accompanied by very low levels of serum vitamin A The authors suggest that high carotene intake may inhibit mobilization of liver vitamin A stores.
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From page 200... ...
190 ROSEMARIE OSTWALD AND GEORGE M BRIGGS The clinical effects of vitamin D toxicity are reversible if administra- tion is stopped in time.
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From page 201... ...
VITAMINS 191 of possible damage to susceptible embryonic tissue from calcification.® Hypothyroidism, with its associated elevated serum cholesterol level, has been reported to lead to increased sensitivity to vitamin D.§9 There is evidence of an interrelationship between vitamin D toxicity, hypercholesteremia, and hypercalcemia, with associated calcifying arteriopathies such as arteriosclerosis. Increased serum cholesterol levels were found in hypervitaminotic rabbits.7°7!
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From page 202... ...
192 "€6 DOUDIOJOI WIOIJ DIB 9[QUI SIY) JO} B I L » (Japmod Jo ds} ]
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From page 203... ...
VITAMINS 193 proposed, e.g., disturbance of cholesterol metabolism leading to sterols with vitamin D-like or toxic effects'6 and derangement of calcium metabolism.®7 A hypersensitivity to ingested vitamin D has also been proposed as cause for some cases of sarcoidosis* ® 88 and as contributing to develop- ment of atherosclerosis‘?
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From page 204... ...
194 ROSEMARIE OSTWALD AND GEORGE M BRIGGS pints of fortified milk, 1 ounce of fortified cereal, and 1 teaspoonful of fortified cod liver oil to have an intake of about 4,000 IU92 ten times his RDA (Fortification levels referred to are those common in England around 1955)
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From page 205... ...
VITAMINS 195 TABLE 3 Some Common Vitamin K Preparations -- Their Names, Analogues, Solubilities, and Routes of Administration COMMON OR SOLUBLE ROUTES OF TRADE NAMES CHEMICAL NAMES IN ADMINISTRATION ® Vitamin Ky 2-Methyl-3-phytyl-1 , 4-naphtho- Fat IM, IV, or Oral (phylloquinone, quinone phytonadione, Konakion Mephyton) Phtiokol 2-Methyl-3-hydroxy-1,4-naphtho- Water quinone Vitamin K2 2-Methyl-3-difarnesyl-1 , 4- Fat naphthoquinone Vitamin K3 2-Methyl-1, 4-naphthoquinone Fat Oral, IM (menadione, menaphtone)
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From page 206... ...
196 ROSEMARIE OSTWALD AND GEORGE M BRIGGS established and, therefore, adequate amounts of vitamin K may be lacking.
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From page 207... ...
VITAMINS 197 compounds exhibiting vitamin K activity will correct deficiency symp- toms in most cases. A daily allowance for vitamin K has not been established because of the wide but inconsistent distribution of the vitamin in the diet and because of the variability of need, which depends on such factors as synthetic activity of the intestinal flora, absorption capacity of the individual, and the state of the individual's hepatic functions (reference 5, page 368)
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From page 208... ...
198 ROSEMARIB OSTWALD AND GEORGE M BRIGGS of 40 g per day to have had no ill effects.'29 Untoward symptoms, including hypoglycemia and depression of prothrombin levels, have been reported, however, at doses of 300 -- 1,500 mg per day.!
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From page 209... ...
VITAMINS 199 Bicknell and Prescott,3 Sebrell et al.,4 and Nutrition Reviews.! 38 Tables 4 and 5 summarize some of the available data.
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From page 210... ...
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