Toxicants Occurring Naturally in Foods. (1966) / Chapter Skim
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Pages 64-84
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From page 64... ...
54 IRWIN B LIENER Feeding experiments with purified preparations of the hemagglutinins clearly implicate these substances as being responsible, at least in part, for the toxicity of certain legumes.
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From page 68... ...
IRWIN E LIENER Cyanogenetic Glycosides Complex glycosides that yield hydrocyanic acid upon hydrolysis are widely distributed in the plant kingdom (Table 1)
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From page 69... ...
GLYCOSIDES 59 TABLE 1 The Distribution and Composition of Cyanogenetic Glycosides* NAME SOURCE HYDROLYSIS PRODUCTS Amygdalin Almonds and stone Gentiobiose + HCN + Benzaldehyde fruit kernels Prunasin Wild cherry bark D-Glucose -++ HCN + Benzaldehyde Sambrinigrin Elder bark D-Glucose -+ HCN -+- Benzaldehyde Prulaurasin Cherry laurel D-Glucose + HCN + Benzaldehyde Vicianin Vetch seeds (Vicia Vicianose -+ HCN + Benzaldehyde angustifolia)
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From page 70... ...
60 IRWIN BE. LIENER amygdalin |v O -- CHo 0 CN H OH | + HC -- HO\OH H/q OH H H gentiobiose mandelonitrile \e 1 benzaldehyde FicureE 1 Structure and hydrolysis products of amygdalin, a typical cyanogenetic glycoside.
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From page 73... ...
STIMULANTS AND DEPRESSANTS 63 were reported by Beverly in his History and Present State of Virginia5 It was stated that in 1676 the plant was gathered for boiled salad by the soldiers during the Bacon rebellion. Some were reported to have eaten plentifully of the salad and turned into natural fools performing many simple tricks, but they remembered nothing of the incident after recovering from the effects of Jimson weed.
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From page 75... ...
STIMULANTS AND DEPRESSANTS 65 ported to use whatever natural resources are available to cure the sick and to liquidate undesirable elements in the tribe. High on their list of all-purpose materials is the groundnut, Arachis hypogaea, which has been used to induce blood clotting, initiate parturition, and produce abortion.
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From page 77... ...
STIMULANTS AND DEPRESSANTS 67 to facilitate mental and muscular effort and diminishes drowsiness and psychic and motor fatigue. Theophylline is less powerful and theo- bromine virtually inactive as a central nervous system stimulant.3° The Chinese used tea as a beverage for many years before its actual description in a Chinese dictionary about 350 a.p.
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From page 79... ...
STIMULANTS AND DEPRESSANTS 69 white settlers. Because of this similarity, the two are easily confused.
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From page 83... ...
ANTIGENS AND ALLERGENS 73 that have been investigated immunologically can be included in this review. Moreover, it is not within the scope of this chapter to discuss the manifestations of immunological reactions, for this literature is readily available.!
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