Drinking Water and Health, Volume 4 (1982) / Chapter Skim
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V Health Implications of Distribution System Deficiencies
V Health Implications of Distribution System Deficiencies
Pages 137-151
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From page 137... ...
Outbreaks of acute disease associated with contaminated drinking water are reported to the Centers for Disease Control (CDC) by state health departments or to the Health Effects Research Laboratory of the U.S.
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From page 138... ...
These definitions correspond to those used in the Safe Drinking Water Act (PL 93-523~. ORIGINS OF WATERBORNE DISEASES Sources of the contamination responsible for the outbreak include untreated surface water, untreated groundwater, treatment deficiencies (e.g., malfunction of a chlorinator)
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From page 139... ...
For example, investigation of 10 culture-proven cases of Shigella infection in a Miami suburb in 1974 led to identification of 1,000 cases of waterborne illness (Weissman et al., 1976~. The number of reported outbreaks of different etiologies may depend REPORTING OF AN OUTBREAK I ngesti on Illness Physician Visit Diagnosis t Report to Health Department 1 I nvestigation i Report to Centers for Disease Control and/or U.S.
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From page 140... ...
More intensive surveillance and prompter reporting of suspected outbreaks to public health authorities are needed so that more timely and thorough epidemiological investigations can be conducted. By utilizing recent advances in diagnostic laboratory techniques, such investigations will increase knowledge of waterborne pathogens, identify factors responsible for the outbreaks, and provide a better estimate of the true magnitude of this route of disease transmission.
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From page 141... ...
A community survey indicated that approximately 60% of the people who obtained their water from the Sewickley municipal system had been ill. The illness occurred much more frequently in persons using water from this system than in those using well water or water from another, nearby municipal system.
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From page 145... ...
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From page 146... ...
Control measures included removing the discharge pipe from the sink (Center for Disease Control, 1976~. Chattanooga, Tennessee On March 24, 1976, residents of a three-street area in Chattanooga complained that their water turned white and smelled of insecticide.
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From page 147... ...
Control measures included replacement of all street pipes in the affected area and flushing of pipes to each house (Center for Disease Control, 1976~. Los Lunas, New Mexico On the morning of November 17, 1978, 34 students at an elementary school developed an acute gastrointestinal illness.
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From page 148... ...
148 DRINKING WATER AND HEALTH 2 1 o 5 4 A 6 3 Lot cr m o 1 CC o UJ o LL m 2 7 6 5 4 3 2 1 o Individual 1 1 1 1 1 1 Semipublic O ~ I I I I ~ Municipal ~~ ~: In GAL 1 1 11 I I T ~ I I I Municioal 1 971 1 972 1 973 1 974 1 975 1 976 1977 1 978 YEAR FIGURE V-2 Reported waterborne outbreaks due to deficiencies in distribution systems, by type of system and year, 19711978.
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From page 149... ...
Control measures included removal of the cross connection and repair of the jammed baffle (Center for Disease Control, 1978~. HEALTH EFFECTS OF CHEMICAL CONTAMINANTS IN DISTRIBUTION SYSTEMS Chemical contaminants that may be introduced into drinking water from the distribution system are listed in Table V-6.
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From page 150... ...
, from this (volume 4) and the first three volumes of Dri,~kir7g Water arid Health (National Academy of Sciences, 1977, 1980a,b)
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From page 151... ...
REFERENCES Center for Disease Control.
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