Drinking Water and Health, Volume 4 (1982) / Chapter Skim
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Pages 289-299
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From page 289... ...
acetonitrile, 202-206 health effects, 204-205 metabolism, 203-204 SNARL, 205-206 TWA standard, 203 see also nitrites A/C pipe (see asbestos-cement pipe) acrylonitrile-butadiene-styrene pipe, 4, 13 acute diseases, waterborne, 5 bacteria, protozoa, and viruses implicated in, 137 defined, 138 outbreaks of, 140-149 Aerobacter, 29 Aggressiveness Index, 19 A/C pipe and, 20-21, 49-S7, 61 A/C pipe degradation and, 44-45, 58 adjustment, 58 applications of, 20-23 algae growth in reservoirs, 98-99, 124, 141 polysaccharides produced by, 113 alicyclics, 247, 251 alkalies, 247, 251 alkalinity, A/C pipe effect on, 51 aluminum, 95, 15S-167 conclusions and recommendations pertaining to, 166-167 289 daily intake, 156 health effects, 158-166 metabolism, 157-158 SNARL, 166 sources in human diet, 156 uses, 156, 158 aluminum chloride, 164 aluminum nitrate, 164 aluminum salts, 156, 163 aluminum sulfate, 156, 164 Alzheimer's disease, 160, 167 amebiasis, 5, 138 American Water Works Association on chlorination, 130 specifications for A/C pipe, 46 study of asbestos in drinking water, 43 ammonia, chlorine interaction with, 96-97 anthracene, 4, 99 aromatic hydrocarbons in petroleum, 247, 248, 249, 252 arsenic, 95, 167 asbestos, 6 health effects, 3-4, 43, 150 asbestos-cement pipe, 2, 42-61 advantages of, 45 city water supplies with asbestos concentration from, 54 composition, 45~6 corrosion, 3, 22-23 deterioration control, 5~60
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From page 290... ...
biofilms, 5, 109-123 chemical composition of, 118 chemical properties of, 115-117, 118 detachment of, 117, 129 fluid frictional resistance affected by, 119 fluid shear forces removal of, 129 formation, 112-114 fouling of, 109, 117, 118, 126-127 physical properties of, 115 reactions with chlorine, 126, 128 thermal conductivity of, 115 transport properties of, 115 water quality changes from, 112 biological material in water distribution system, 109 biofilm processes and, 109-112 contamination control from, 126-131 dispersal growth of, 129- 131 sources of, 124-126 biological quality of water, 4-5 "black" water, 5, 112, 122 blood, lead concentration in, 179 (see also methemoglobinemia) blood pressure, barium exposure and, 169, 170 Boston, Massachusetts, trace metal concentration in water supply, 40-41 butyl rubber, 12 cadmium, 95, 170-174 corrosion and, 2, 32, 35 health effects, 150, 171-172 SNARL, 172-174 calcium A/C pipe release of, 22 hardness, 51 calcium carbonate dissolution, 33, 43 saturation, 23-24, 30, 60-61 California Department of Health Services, PVC pipe testing, 65 cancer (see carcinogenic*
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From page 291... ...
chlorinated polyvinyl chloride pipe, 4, 62 laboratory tests on, 65 (see also plastic pipe) chlorine, 3 control of biofilm fouling by, 126 disinfection pracess and, 109 distribution in water systems, 127 interaction with nitrogen compounds, 96 97 reactions in distribution systems, 96-98 residual, 12, 129, 130 transport of, 126, 128-131 chlorine dioxide health effects, 174-176 metabolism, 174 SNARL, 177, 178 chlonne-trihalomethane reactions, 96 chlorite health effects, 175 SNARL, 177, 178 chloroform, 206-209 concentration in CPVC pipe water, 66 health effects, 206-209 production in humic materials, 97 SNARL, 209 chromium, 95 health effects, 150 chrysotile, in A/C pipe, 46, 51, 60 coagulation process, 108 coal tar compounds PAM's in, 74, 78-79 pipe linings, 4, 72, 73-74 coatings (see linings)
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From page 292... ...
disease, 124-125, 141, 147 1,2-dibromo-3-chloropropane, 209-214 exposure standards, 210 health effects, 210-214 recommendations relating to, 214 SNARL, 214 uses, 209 dimethylfonnamide, 214-222 health effects, 218-222 metabolism, 215-218 SNARL, 222 uses, 214-215 dinitrophenols health effects, 236, 237-238, 240, 241 242, 245 isomeric forms of, 230-231, 234 metabolism, 233-235 SNARL, 203, 245 uses, 230-231 diseases, waterborne control measures, 146, 147, 149 defined, 138 limitations of data on, 138-140 municipal systems, 140, 142-144, 146, 147 nonmunicipal (semipublic and individual) systems, 140, 145 number of, 140, 148 recommendations for handling, 151 (see also acute diseases)
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From page 293... ...
health effects, from inorganic contaminants aluminum, 158-166 arsenic, 167 barium, 168-169 cadmium, 171-172 chlorinated disinfectants, 174-177 lead, 179-182 silver, 185-187 strontium, 189-197 health effects, from organic contaminants acetonitrile, 204-205 benzene, 253 chloroform, 206-209 DBCP, 210-214 dinitrophenols, 236, 237-238, 240, 241 242, 243, 244 DMF, 218-222 mononitrophenols, 235, 237, 239-240, 241, 242, 243 nitrites, 204-205 nitrobenzene, 224-229 petroleum products, 251 trinitrophenols, 238-239, 244
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From page 294... ...
leukemia, 253 lime, to control A/C pipe deterioration, 58 linings, 3-4, 13 asphalt in, 74-75 cement, 91 coal tar compounds in, 72, 73 field tests on, 82-90 health effects, 150 laboratory tests on, 78-81 materials used for, 72-75 vinyl, 90 water quality and, 3-4, 72 water taste and odor from, 90 Los Lunas, New Mexico, gastrointestinal disease outbreak, 147, 149 lubricants, pipe, 63 lungs (see respirator system) mains, water distribution corrosion, 15-16 materials for, 12 manganese, 40, 95 deposits in distribution system, 3, 93 health effects, 150 maximum contaminant levels, 37 Bennington, Vermont, 39 Seattle, Washington, 37, 38 MCL's (see maximum contaminant levels)
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From page 295... ...
mononitrophenols health effects, 235, 237, 239-240, 241 isomeric forms of, 230 metabolism, 232-233 production, 230 properties of, 231 SNARL, 203, 244-245 uses, 230 Municipal Environmental Research Labo ratory, asbestos control research, 43 mutagenicity acetonitrile, 205 aluminum, 165 analysis of water samples for, 83 benzene, 254 cadmium, 172 chloroform, 206-207 DBCP, 211-212 dinitrophenols, 242-243 DMF, 220-221 lead, 182 mononitrophenols, 242 nitrobenzene, 227 PAM's, 261-262 silver, 186 strontium, 191 2,4,6-trichlorophenol, 267 Mycobacterium, 29 NACE (see National Association of Corrosion Engineers) National Academy of Sciences/National Research Council, on residual chlorine concentration, 130 National Association of Corrosion Engineers, corrosion monitoring tests, 34 National Heart and Lung Institute, MCL study, 37 National Institute for Occupational Safety and Health DBCP exposure standard, 210 nitrile TWA standard, 203 National Sanitation Foundation, plastic pipe studies, 65, 69 nervous system aliphatic hydrocarbons effect on, 251-252 aluminum toxicity to, 160, 163 trinitrophenols effect on, 239 New Jersey, corrosion in water supply system, 34 NHLI (see National Heart and Lung Institute)
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From page 296... ...
PE (see polyethylene pipe) pesticides, DBCP in, 210, 214 petroleum asphalt, 4 petroleum products, crude and refined, 247-255 drinking water contamination by, 247, 249 health effects, 251-252, 253-254 hydrocarbon classes in, 247-248 (see also benzene; toluene)
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From page 297... ...
disease outbreak, 141 silicates, iron deposition prevention with, 93 (see inorganic hydrated silicates) silicosis, 159 silver, 95, 183-187 health effects, 185-187 metabolism, 184-185 recommendations relating to, 187 SNARL, 187 water purification with, 184 skin arsenic effect on, 167 DMF effect on, 215, 217, 218 dinitrophenols effect on, 238 nitrites effect on, 204 nitrobenzene effect on, 224 silver effect on, 186 trinitrophenols effect on, 239 SNARL (see suggested no-adverse-response level)
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From page 298... ...
threshold limit value barium, 167, 168 DMF, 215, 216 time-weighted average standard, nitrites, 203 TLV (see threshold limit value) toluene, 250, 252, 254 trace metal content Boston, Massachusetts, awe, 39-40, 41 Chicago, Illinois, water treatment system, 35, 36 2,4,6-trichlorophenol, 264-268 health effects, 266-267 metabolism, 265 SNARL, 203, 268 uses, 264 trihalomethanes, 3 concentration, 97 in CPVC pipe water, 67 instantaneous, 97 reactions, 96 total, 97 ~ trinitrophenols health effects, 238-239, 240 isomeric forms of, 231 metabolism, 235 properties of, 232
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From page 299... ...
U.S. Public Health Service, drinking water standards, 64 valves, distribution system, 12 vinyl chloride carcinogenicity, 4, 70 health effects, 150 in plastic pipe, 63, 67 vinyl epoxy, 4 waterborne diseases (see diseases, waterborne)
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